Journals / Journal of Kocaeli Health and Technology University / 2026 / Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Oral Hygiene Education: Historical Evolution, Contemporary Evidence, and Future Perspectives

Ağız Hijyeni Eğitimi: Tarihsel Evrim, Güncel Kanıtlar ve Gelecek Perspektifleri

Gülhan Ünal(KOCAELİ SAĞLIK VE TEKNOLOJİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-8920-2391
Pages
235–256
Publication Date
2026-08-24
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Future approaches should integrate behavioural science, digital health technologies, and personalized preventive strategies to enhance patient engagement, support sustained behavioural change, and improve long-term oral hygiene outcomes.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Toothbrushing remains the cornerstone of daily plaque control and a primary self-care intervention for preventing gingivitis and periodontitis.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The literature was synthesized chronologically and thematically to illustrate the transition from empirical cleaning practices to evidence-based preventive care.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Future approaches should integrate behavioural science, digital health technologies, and personalized preventive strategies to enhance patient engagement, support sustained behavioural change, and improve long-term oral hygiene outcomes.
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Diş fırçalama · Ağız hijyeni · Dental plak

Abstract

Toothbrushing remains the cornerstone of daily plaque control and a primary self-care intervention for preventing gingivitis and periodontitis. Since the early twentieth century, numerous manual toothbrushing techniques have been introduced to improve plaque removal and periodontal health. However, uncertainty persists regarding the superiority of individual techniques in routine clinical practice. This narrative review aimed to summarize the historical evolution of manual toothbrushing techniques, critically evaluate the scientific evidence comparing these methods, and discuss current recommendations for oral hygiene instruction. Historical publications, landmark clinical studies, randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and international clinical practice guidelines related to manual toothbrushing and oral hygiene education were reviewed. The literature was synthesized chronologically and thematically to illustrate the transition from empirical cleaning practices to evidence-based preventive care. Toothbrushing evolved from simple mechanical cleaning to biologically oriented plaque-control approaches. Classical techniques, including Charters, Stillman, Fones, Bass, and Modified Bass, were developed to address specific clinical objectives rather than to establish a universally superior method. Contemporary evidence indicates that no manual toothbrushing technique consistently demonstrates clear superiority in reducing plaque accumulation or gingival inflammation. Patient motivation, manual dexterity, adherence, individualized instruction, and regular professional reinforcement appear to have greater influence on long-term clinical outcomes. Current evidence supports individualized oral hygiene instruction rather than exclusive emphasis on a specific toothbrushing technique. Future approaches should integrate behavioural science, digital health technologies, and personalized preventive strategies to enhance patient engagement, support sustained behavioural change, and improve long-term oral hygiene outcomes.

Özet

Diş fırçalama, günlük plak kontrolünün temel taşı ve gingivitis ile periodontitisin önlenmesinde başlıca bireysel bakım uygulamasıdır. Yirminci yüzyılın başlarından bu yana plak kontrolünü ve periodontal sağlığı iyileştirmek amacıyla çok sayıda manuel diş fırçalama tekniği geliştirilmiştir. Ancak, bu tekniklerin birbirlerine üstünlüğü ve rutin klinik uygulamadaki etkinlikleri konusunda belirsizlik devam etmektedir. Bu anlatı derlemesi, manuel diş fırçalama tekniklerinin tarihsel gelişimini özetlemeyi, teknikleri karşılaştıran bilimsel kanıtları değerlendirmeyi ve ağız hijyeni eğitimine yönelik güncel klinik önerileri tartışmayı amaçlamaktadır. Manuel diş fırçalama teknikleri ve ağız hijyeni eğitimiyle ilgili tarihsel yayınlar, klinik çalışmalar, randomize kontrollü çalışmalar, sistematik derlemeler, meta-analizler ve uluslararası klinik uygulama kılavuzları incelenmiştir. Literatür, diş fırçalamanın ampirik temizlik uygulamalarından kanıta dayalı koruyucu bakıma gelişimini gösterecek şekilde kronolojik olarak sentezlenmiştir. Charters, Stillman, Fones, Bass ve Modifiye Bass gibi klasik teknikler, evrensel olarak üstün bir yöntem geliştirmekten ziyade belirli klinik hedeflere yönelik oluşturulmuştur. Güncel sistematik derlemeler, hiçbir manuel tekniğin plak birikimi veya gingival inflamasyonu azaltmada tutarlı bir üstünlük göstermediğini ortaya koymaktadır. Hasta motivasyonu, el becerisi, uyum, bireyselleştirilmiş eğitim ve düzenli profesyonel pekiştirme uzun dönem klinik sonuçlarda daha belirleyici görünmektedir. Ağız hijyeni eğitimi, belirli bir tekniğe odaklanmak yerine bireyselleştirilmiş hasta eğitimini önceliklendirmelidir. Gelecekte davranış bilimi, dijital sağlık teknolojileri ve kişiselleştirilmiş koruyucu stratejilerin entegrasyonu önem kazanacaktır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Ünal, G. (2026). Oral Hygiene Education: Historical Evolution, Contemporary Evidence, and Future Perspectives. Journal of Kocaeli Health and Technology University, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 235–256. https://doi.org/10.66163/jokohtu.2010569

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (37)

  1. Wang, S., Jiang, J., Li, J., Mou, J., Liu, N., Yuan, J., et al. (2025). The global, regional, and national burden of oral disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2021, and projections to 2050: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Regenesis Repair Rehabilitation, 1(3), 56–63. doi:10.1016/j.rerere.2025.07.001
  2. World Health Organization. (2022). Global oral health status report: Towards universal health coverage for oral health by 2030.
  3. Peres, M. A., Macpherson, L. M. D., Weyant, R. J., Daly, B., Venturelli, R., Mathur, M. R., et al. (2019). Oral diseases: A global public health challenge. The Lancet, 394(10194), 249–260. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31146-8
  4. Löe, H., Theilade, E., & Jensen, S. B. (1965). Experimental gingivitis in man. Journal of Periodontology, 36(3), 177–187. doi:10.1902/jop.1965.36.3.177
  5. Deinzer, R., Weik, U., Eidenhardt, Z., Leufkens, D., & Sälzer, S. (2024). Manual toothbrushing techniques for plaque removal and the prevention of gingivitis: A systematic review with network meta-analysis. PLOS ONE, 19(7), e0306302. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0306302
  6. Chapple, I. L. C., Van der Weijden, F., Doerfer, C., Herrera, D., Shapira, L., Polak, D., et al. (2015). Primary prevention of periodontitis: Managing gingivitis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 42(Suppl. 16), S71–S76. doi:10.1111/jcpe.12366
  7. Sanz, M., Herrera, D., Kebschull, M., Chapple, I. L. C., Jepsen, S., Berglundh, T., et al. (2020). Treatment of stage I–III periodontitis—The EFP S3 level clinical practice guideline. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 47(Suppl. 22), 4–60. doi:10.1111/jcpe.13290
  8. Van der Weijden, G. A., & van Loveren, C. (2024). Mechanical plaque removal in step-1 of care. Periodontology 2000, 94(1), 1–17. doi:10.1111/prd.12541
  9. Shahzad, M., Ahmad, H. A., Ambadi, S., Peterson, S., & Yang, I. (2024). Traditional oral hygiene practices and their effectiveness: A systematic review of the evidence. Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry, 22, 107–118. doi:10.3290/j.ohpd.c2475
  10. Wu, C. D., Darout, I. A., & Skaug, N. (2001). Chewing sticks: Timeless natural toothbrushes for oral cleansing. Journal of Periodontal Research, 36(5), 275–284. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0765.2001.360502.x
  11. Halawany, H. S. (2012). A review on miswak (Salvadora persica) and its effect on various aspects of oral health. The Saudi Dental Journal, 24(2), 63–69. doi:10.1016/j.sdentj.2011.12.004
  12. Ng, C., Tsoi, J. K. H., Lo, E. C. M., & Matinlinna, J. P. (2020). Safety and design aspects of powered toothbrushes: A narrative review. Dentistry Journal, 8(1), 15. doi:10.3390/dj8010015
  13. Charters, W. J. (1928). Immunizing both hard and soft mouth tissue to infection by correct stimulation with the toothbrush. Journal of the American Dental Association, 15(1), 87–92. doi:10.14219/jada.archive.1928.0001
  14. Rajwani, A. R., Hawes, S. N. D., To, A., Quaranta, A., & Rincon Aguilar, J. C. (2020). Effectiveness of manual toothbrushing techniques on plaque and gingivitis: A systematic review. Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry, 18(4), 367–376. doi:10.3290/j.ohpd.a45354
  15. Fones, A. C. (1934). Mouth hygiene: A textbook for dental hygienists (4th ed.). Lea & Febiger.
  16. American Dental Association, Bureau of Public Relations. (1934). The care of children's teeth. https://commons.ada.org/patientbrochures/50
  17. Bass, C. C. (1948). The necessary personal oral hygiene for prevention of caries and periodontoclasia. New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, 101, 52–70.
  18. Sälzer, S., Graetz, C., Dörfer, C. E., Slot, D. E., & Van der Weijden, F. A. (2020). Contemporary practices for mechanical oral hygiene to prevent periodontal disease. Periodontology 2000, 84(1), 35–44. doi:10.1111/prd.12332 Silness, J., & Löe, H. (1964). Periodontal disease in pregnancy II. Correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condition. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 22(1), 121–135. doi:10.3109/00016356408993968
  19. Löe, H. (1967). The gingival index, the plaque index and the retention index systems. Journal of Periodontology, 38(6), 610–616. doi:10.1902/jop.1967.38.6.610
  20. O'Leary, T. J., Drake, R. B., & Naylor, J. E. (1972). The plaque control record. Journal of Periodontology, 43(1), 38. doi:10.1902/jop.1972.43.1.38
  21. Frandsen, A. (1985). Changing patterns of attitudes and oral health behaviour. International Dental Journal, 35(4), 284–290.
  22. Axelsson, P., & Lindhe, J. (1978). Effect of controlled oral hygiene procedures on caries and periodontal disease in adults. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 5(2), 133–151. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1978.tb01914.x
  23. Axelsson, P., & Lindhe, J. (1981). The significance of maintenance care in the treatment of periodontal disease. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 8(4), 281–294. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1981.tb02039.x
  24. Kay, E. J., & Locker, D. (1996). Is dental health education effective? A systematic review of current evidence. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 24(4), 231–235. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0528.1996.tb00850.x
  25. Jönsson, B., Lindberg, P., Oscarson, N., & Öhrn, K. (2006). Improved compliance and self-care in patients with periodontitis: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Dental Hygiene, 4(2), 77–83. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5037.2006.00175.x
  26. Jönsson, B., Öhrn, K., Oscarson, N., & Lindberg, P. (2009). An individually tailored treatment programme for improved oral hygiene: Introduction of a new course of action in health education for patients with periodontitis. International Journal of Dental Hygiene, 7(3), 166–175. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5037.2008.00350.x
  27. Jönsson, B., Öhrn, K., Lindberg, P., & Oscarson, N. (2010). Evaluation of an individually tailored oral health educational programme on periodontal health. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 37(10), 912–919. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2010.01590.x
  28. Cascaes, A. M., Bielemann, R. M., Clark, V. L., & Barros, A. J. D. (2014). Efetividade da entrevista motivacional na melhoria da saúde bucal: Revisão sistemática. Revista de Saúde Pública, 48(1), 142–153. doi:10.1590/S0034-8910.2014048004616
  29. Gao, X., Lo, E. C. M., Kot, S. C. C., & Chan, K. C. W. (2014). Motivational interviewing in improving oral health: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Periodontology, 85(3), 426–437. doi:10.1902/jop.2013.130205
  30. Yaacob, M., Worthington, H. V., Deacon, S. A., Deery, C., Walmsley, A. D., Robinson, P. G., et al. (2014). Powered versus manual toothbrushing for oral health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2014(6), Article CD002281. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002281.pub3
  31. Worthington, H. V., MacDonald, L., Poklepovic Pericic, T., Sambunjak, D., Johnson, T. M., Imai, P., et al. (2019). Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal diseases and dental caries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2019(4), Article CD012018. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012018.pub2
  32. American Dental Association. (2022, October 7). Toothbrushes. https://www.ada.org/resources/ada-library/oral-health-topics/toothbrushes
  33. Arsiwala-Scheppach, L. T., Chaurasia, A., Müller, A., Krois, J., & Schwendicke, F. (2023). Machine learning in dentistry: A scoping review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(3), 937. doi:10.3390/jcm12030937
  34. Hamdy, T. M. (2025). Teledentistry: A comprehensive review of applications, challenges, and future directions. Discover Medicine, 2(1), Article 201. doi:10.1007/s44337-025-00445-z
  35. Li, Y., Wu, X., Liu, M., Deng, K., Tullini, A., Zhang, X., et al. (2024). Enhanced control of periodontitis by an artificial intelligence-enabled multimodal-sensing toothbrush and targeted mHealth micromessages: A randomized trial. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 51(12), 1632–1643. doi:10.1111/jcpe.13987
  36. Estai, M., Kanagasingam, Y., Tennant, M., & Bunt, S. (2018). A systematic review of the research evidence for the benefits of teledentistry. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 24(3), 147–156. doi:10.1177/1357633X16689433 Schwendicke, F., & Büttner, M. (2023). Artificial intelligence: Advances and pitfalls. British Dental Journal, 234(10), 749–750. doi:10.1038/s41415-023-5855-0
  37. Sischo, L., & Broder, H. L. (2011). Oral health-related quality of life: What, why, how, and future implications. Journal of Dental Research, 90(11), 1264–1270. doi:10.1177/0022034511399918