Journals / Turkish Journal of Forest Science / 2026 / Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1

Influence of nozzle diameter on mechanical performance and density behavior of wood-reinforced PLA composites fabricated via Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF)

Eriyik Filament yöntemiyle üretilen ahşap dolgulu PLA kompozitlerin mekanik performansı ve yoğunluk davranışı üzerine nozul çapının etkisi

İbrahim Kılıç(BOZOK ÜNİVERSİTESİ, BOĞAZLIYAN MESLEK YÜKSEKOKULU)0000-0003-0567-5923
Pages
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Publication Date
2026-08-14
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Based on the present findings, nozzle diameter was identified as a critical processing parameter for optimizing the mechanical performance of wood-filled PLA composites produced via FFF.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:The effect of nozzle diameter on the mechanical and physical properties of wood-filled polylactic acid (PLA) composites produced via Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) was systematically investigated.
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Key Findings & Data:Specimens were fabricated using three different nozzle diameters (0.4 mm, 0.6 mm, and 0.8 mm), while all other processing parameters were kept constant to isolate the effect of nozzle diameter.
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Conclusion & Impact:Based on the present findings, nozzle diameter was identified as a critical processing parameter for optimizing the mechanical performance of wood-filled PLA composites produced via FFF.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Erimiş filament üretimi · nozul çapı · ahşap dolgulu PLA

Abstract

The effect of nozzle diameter on the mechanical and physical properties of wood-filled polylactic acid (PLA) composites produced via Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) was systematically investigated. Specimens were fabricated using three different nozzle diameters (0.4 mm, 0.6 mm, and 0.8 mm), while all other processing parameters were kept constant to isolate the effect of nozzle diameter. Tensile strength, tensile modulus, elongation at break, flexural strength, flexural modulus, impact strength, and density were evaluated. Increasing nozzle diameter from 0.4 mm to 0.8 mm resulted in increases of 8.9% in tensile strength, 13.2% in flexural strength, and 15.0% in flexural modulus. These improvements were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). In contrast, no statistically significant effects were detected on tensile modulus, elongation at break, and impact strength (p > 0.05). Density exhibited a threshold-type behavior, remaining nearly constant between 0.4 mm and 0.6 mm and increasing significantly at 0.8 mm (p < 0.0001). The observed improvements in mechanical performance were considered to be associated with increased extrusion width, enhanced interlayer bonding, reduced void content, and improved internal structural continuity at larger nozzle diameters. Based on the present findings, nozzle diameter was identified as a critical processing parameter for optimizing the mechanical performance of wood-filled PLA composites produced via FFF.

Özet

Bu çalışmada, Eriyik Filament Fabrikasyonu (Fused Filament Fabrication, FFF) yöntemiyle üretilen ahşap dolgulu polilaktik asit (PLA) kompozitlerin mekanik ve fiziksel özellikleri üzerine nozul çapının etkisi sistematik olarak incelenmiştir. Numuneler 0,4 mm, 0,6 mm ve 0,8 mm olmak üzere üç farklı nozul çapı kullanılarak üretilmiş, diğer tüm üretim parametreleri sabit tutularak nozul çapının etkisi izole edilmiştir. Çekme dayanımı, çekmede elastikiyet modülü, kopmada uzama, eğilme dayanımı, eğilmede elastikiyet modülü, darbe dayanımı ve yoğunluk özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Nozul çapının 0,4 mm’den 0,8 mm’ye artırılması, çekme dayanımında %8,9, eğilme dayanımında %13,2 ve eğilmede elastikiyet modülünde %15,0 oranında artış sağlamıştır. Bu iyileşmelerin istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olduğu belirlenmiştir (p < 0,05). Buna karşılık, çekmede elastikiyet modülü, kopmada uzama ve darbe dayanımı üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etki tespit edilmemiştir (p > 0,05). Yoğunluk değerleri eşik tipi bir davranış sergilemiş, 0,4 mm ve 0,6 mm nozul çaplarında yaklaşık olarak sabit kalırken, 0,8 mm nozul çapında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde artmıştır (p < 0,0001). Gözlenen mekanik performans iyileşmelerinin, daha büyük nozul çaplarında artan ekstrüzyon genişliği, gelişmiş katmanlar arası bağlanma, azalan boşluk oranı ve iyileşen iç yapı sürekliliği ile ilişkili olduğu değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda, nozul çapının FFF yöntemiyle üretilen ahşap dolgulu PLA kompozitlerin mekanik performansının optimize edilmesinde kritik bir işlem parametresi olduğu belirlenmiştir.

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Cite This Article

Kılıç, İ. (2026). Influence of nozzle diameter on mechanical performance and density behavior of wood-reinforced PLA composites fabricated via Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF). Turkish Journal of Forest Science, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1. https://doi.org/10.32328/turkjforsci.1940279

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