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Journals / Turkish Journal of Forest Science / 2026 / Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1

Climate change impacts on forest and soil ecosystems: Microbial responses, carbon cycling, and future perspectives

İklim değişikliğinin orman ve toprak ekosistemleri üzerindeki etkileri: Mikrobiyal tepkiler, karbon döngüsü ve gelecek perspektifleri

Emre Babur(KAHRAMANMARAŞ SÜTÇÜ İMAM ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-1776-3018
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Publication Date
2026-08-20
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Overall, the evidence highlights soil microbial functioning as a key component linking climate stress to forest productivity, nutrient cycling, and carbon sequestration.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Global climate change is profoundly altering the structure and functioning of forest ecosystems by modifying temperature and precipitation regimes, increasing the frequency of extreme climatic events, and disrupting soil biological processes.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Climate-induced disturbances, including wildfires, pest outbreaks, and vegetation shifts, further accelerate carbon losses and reduce ecosystem resilience, particularly in Mediterranean forests that are highly vulnerable to environmental stress.
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Conclusion & Impact:Overall, the evidence highlights soil microbial functioning as a key component linking climate stress to forest productivity, nutrient cycling, and carbon sequestration.
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:İklim değişikliği · küresel ısınma · azot birikimi

Abstract

Global climate change is profoundly altering the structure and functioning of forest ecosystems by modifying temperature and precipitation regimes, increasing the frequency of extreme climatic events, and disrupting soil biological processes. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the impacts of climate change on forest and soil ecosystems, with particular emphasis on soil microbial communities, microbial biomass, microbial processes, nutrient cycling, and carbon sequestration. Relevant findings from recent international studies, together with regional observations and climate projections for Türkiye and the Mediterranean Basin, were critically evaluated to identify current knowledge and future research priorities. The reviewed evidence indicates that rising temperatures, prolonged drought, and altered precipitation patterns modify soil moisture, pH, organic carbon inputs, and nutrient availability, resulting in substantial changes in microbial diversity, community composition, and ecosystem functioning. Climate-induced disturbances, including wildfires, pest outbreaks, and vegetation shifts, further accelerate carbon losses and reduce ecosystem resilience, particularly in Mediterranean forests that are highly vulnerable to environmental stress. The review also highlights that microbial responses differ among forest types according to vegetation characteristics, stand age, soil properties, and topographic conditions. Overall, the evidence highlights soil microbial functioning as a key component linking climate stress to forest productivity, nutrient cycling, and carbon sequestration. Long-term monitoring and multidisciplinary approaches integrating climatic, vegetation, soil, and microbial processes are therefore needed to improve predictions and support adaptive forest and land-management strategies under future climate scenarios.

Özet

Küresel iklim değişikliği, sıcaklık ve yağış rejimlerini değiştirerek, aşırı iklim olaylarının tetikler ve toprak biyolojik süreçlerini bozarak orman ekosistemlerinin yapısını ve işleyişini derinden değiştirmektedir. Bu derleme, iklim değişikliğinin orman ve toprak ekosistemleri üzerindeki etkilerine ilişkin mevcut bilgileri, özellikle toprak mikrobiyal toplulukları, mikrobiyal biyokütle, mikrobiyal süreçler, besin döngüsü ve karbon tutulumu üzerinde durarak sentezlenmektedir. Son uluslararası çalışmalardan elde edilen bulgular, bölgesel gözlemler ve Türkiye ve Akdeniz Havzası için iklim projeksiyonlarıyla birlikte, mevcut bilgileri ve gelecekteki araştırma önceliklerini belirlemek için eleştirel olarak değerlendirilmiştir. İncelenen kanıtlar, yükselen sıcaklıkların, uzun süreli kuraklığın ve değişen yağış modellerinin toprak nemini, pH'ı, organik karbon girdilerini ve besin kullanılabilirliğini değiştirdiğini ve bunun da mikrobiyal çeşitlilikte, topluluk bileşiminde ve ekosistem işleyişinde önemli değişikliklere yol açtığını göstermektedir. Orman yangınları, zararlı böcek salgınları ve bitki örtüsü değişimleri de dâhil olmak üzere iklim kaynaklı bozulmalar, özellikle çevresel strese karşı oldukça savunmasız olan Akdeniz ormanlarında karbon kayıplarını daha da hızlandırmakta ve ekosistem direncini azaltmaktadır. İnceleme ayrıca, mikrobiyal tepkilerin bitki örtüsü özellikleri, ağaç yaşı, toprak özellikleri ve topografik koşullara göre orman tipleri arasında farklılık gösterdiğini vurgulamaktadır. Genel olarak, elde edilen kanıtlar, toprak mikrobiyal işlevinin iklim stresi ile orman verimliliği, besin döngüsü ve karbon tutulumu arasında bağlantı kuran kilit bir bileşen olduğunu vurgulamaktadır. Bu nedenle, gelecekteki iklim senaryoları altında tahminleri iyileştirmek ve uyarlanabilir orman ve arazi yönetimi stratejilerini desteklemek için iklim, bitki örtüsü, toprak ve mikrobiyal süreçleri entegre eden uzun vadeli izleme ve çok disiplinli yaklaşımlara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

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Cite This Article

Babur, E. (2026). Climate change impacts on forest and soil ecosystems: Microbial responses, carbon cycling, and future perspectives. Turkish Journal of Forest Science, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1. https://doi.org/10.32328/turkjforsci.1862878

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