Journals / Turkish Journal of Forest Science / 2026 / Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1

Evaluation of surface temperatures by material type and shading conditions in urban open spaces: The case of Lisbon, Portugal

Kentsel açık alanlarda malzeme ve gölge koşullarına göre yüzey sıcaklıklarının değerlendirilmesi: Lizbon, Portekiz örneği

Sinan Kordon(KAHRAMANMARAŞ SÜTÇÜ İMAM ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-3165-2119
Erdi Ekren(kahramanmaraş sütçü imam üniversitesi)0000-0003-1223-3568
Pages
—
Publication Date
2026-09-03
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The findings indicate the importance of considering material selection, shading, surface characteristics, vegetation, and proximity to water together in the design of urban open spaces.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study aims to evaluate the surface temperatures of different materials under sun-exposed and shaded conditions, as well as variations in local ambient air temperature, in urban open spaces with moderate to high levels of pedestrian use in central Lisbon.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Field measurements were conducted between 20 and 25 May 2025.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The findings indicate the importance of considering material selection, shading, surface characteristics, vegetation, and proximity to water together in the design of urban open spaces.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:2025 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Kentsel mikroklima · peyzaj malzemeleri · güneş maruziyeti

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the surface temperatures of different materials under sun-exposed and shaded conditions, as well as variations in local ambient air temperature, in urban open spaces with moderate to high levels of pedestrian use in central Lisbon. Field measurements were conducted between 20 and 25 May 2025. A total of 852 surface temperature measurements collected over six days from 142 distinct surface points and 138 ambient air temperature measurements from 23 locations were analyzed using mixed-effects models. Under sun-exposed conditions, surface temperatures differed significantly among material types; artificial turf, composite materials, and asphalt showed higher temperature values, whereas natural grass showed lower values. No significant differences among material types were found under shaded conditions. The effect of sun/shade conditions varied by material type, with the largest temperature difference observed for asphalt. In the complementary color analysis, dark-colored surfaces were 8.6°C warmer than light-colored surfaces under sun-exposed conditions, while no significant difference between the color groups was observed under shaded conditions. Ambient air temperatures were highest in hardscape settings surrounded by other hard surfaces. Points within tree-covered, park-like surroundings showed lower temperature values, while water-edge settings were also cooler than hardscape settings. Within water-edge settings, however, no significant difference was found according to whether the surrounding environment consisted of hard surfaces or tree-covered, park-like surroundings. The findings indicate the importance of considering material selection, shading, surface characteristics, vegetation, and proximity to water together in the design of urban open spaces.

Özet

Bu çalışma, Lizbon kent merkezinde yaya kullanımının orta ile yüksek düzeyde olduğu kentsel açık alanlarda farklı yüzey malzemelerinin güneşli ve gölgeli koşullardaki yüzey sıcaklıklarını ve yerel ortam hava sıcaklığı farklılıklarını değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Saha ölçümleri 20–25 Mayıs 2025 tarihleri arasında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Toplam 142 farklı yüzey noktasından altı gün boyunca elde edilen 852 yüzey sıcaklığı kaydı ile 23 ortam ölçüm noktasından elde edilen 138 ortam hava sıcaklığı kaydı karma etkili modellerle analiz edilmiştir. Güneşli koşullarda yüzey sıcaklıkları malzeme türlerine göre anlamlı biçimde farklılaşmıştır. Suni çim, kompozit ve asfalt daha yüksek, doğal çim ise daha düşük sıcaklık değerleri göstermiştir. Gölgeli koşullarda malzeme türleri arasında anlamlı fark belirlenmemiştir. Güneş/gölge etkisinin malzeme türüne göre değiştiği ve en yüksek farkın asfalt yüzeylerde ortaya çıktığı belirlenmiştir. Tamamlayıcı renk analizinde güneşli koşullarda koyu renkli yüzeyler açık renkli yüzeylerden 8,6°C daha sıcak bulunurken, gölgeli koşullarda renk grupları arasında anlamlı fark görülmemiştir. Ortam hava sıcaklığı analizlerinde en yüksek sıcaklıklar, sert zemin ortamında ve çevresi de sert zemin olan noktalarda belirlenmiştir. Ağaçlı park çevresindeki noktalar daha düşük sıcaklık değerleri gösterirken, su kenarı ortamları da sert zemin ortamlarından daha serin bulunmuştur. Su kenarında ise yakın çevrenin sert zemin veya ağaçlı park olmasına göre anlamlı bir farklılık belirlenmemiştir. Bulgular, kentsel açık alanlarda malzeme seçimi, gölgeleme, yüzey özellikleri, bitki varlığı ve suyla ilişkinin birlikte değerlendirilmesinin önemini ortaya koymaktadır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Kordon, S., Ekren, E. (2026). Evaluation of surface temperatures by material type and shading conditions in urban open spaces: The case of Lisbon, Portugal. Turkish Journal of Forest Science, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1. https://doi.org/10.32328/turkjforsci.1946988

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (46)

  1. Abacıoğlu Gitmiş, E. (2026). Deprem sonrası yok olan geleneksel bir konut bahçesinin özgün mekânsal temsili: Hasan Arıkan evi örneği. Turkish Journal of Forest Science, 10(1), 1845187. doi:10.32328/turkjforsci.1845187
  2. Akbari, H., Matthews, H. D., & Seto, D. (2012). The long-term effect of increasing the albedo of urban areas. Environmental Research Letters, 7(2), 024004. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/7/2/024004
  3. Alcoforado, M.-J., Andrade, H., Lopes, A., & Vasconcelos, J. (2009). Application of climatic guidelines to urban planning: The example of Lisbon (Portugal). Landscape and Urban Planning, 90(1–2), 56–65. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2008.10.006
  4. Amani-Beni, M., Zhang, B., Xie, G.-D., & Xu, J. (2018). Impact of urban park’s tree, grass and waterbody on microclimate in hot summer days: A case study of Olympic Park in Beijing, China. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 32, 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2018.03.016
  5. Armson, D., Stringer, P., & Ennos, A. R. (2012). The effect of tree shade and grass on surface and globe temperatures in an urban area. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 11(3), 245–255. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2012.05.002
  6. Bowler, D. E., Buyung-Ali, L., Knight, T. M., & Pullin, A. S. (2010). Urban greening to cool towns and cities: A systematic review of the empirical evidence. Landscape and Urban Planning, 97(3), 147–155. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.05.006
  7. Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. (n.d.). Heat waves. Retrieved August 29, 2026, from https://www.lisboa.pt/en/temas/ambiente/qualidade-ambiental/alteracoes-climaticas/heat-waves
  8. Chatzidimitriou, A., & Yannas, S. (2015). Microclimate development in open urban spaces: The influence of form and materials. Energy and Buildings, 108, 156–174. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.08.048
  9. Chen, L., & Ng, E. (2012). Outdoor thermal comfort and outdoor activities: A review of research in the past decade. Cities, 29(2), 118–125. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2011.08.006
  10. Chow, W. T. L., Akbar, S. N. A. B. A., Heng, S. L., & Roth, M. (2016). Assessment of measured and perceived microclimates within a tropical urban forest. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 16, 62–75. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2016.01.010
  11. Debbage, N., Zhai, W., López Ochoa, E., Lee, R. J., Pineda, A., Jones, E.,. Kenney, M. (2025). Evaluating the performance of cool pavement in San Antonio, Texas, as an urban heat mitigation measure. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 64(9), 1127–1146. doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-24-0139.1
  12. Dindaroglu, T., Babur, E., Laaribya, S., Mokroš, M., & Seleiman, M. (2023). The effects of clear-cutting on ground thermal regimes after a wildfire using hand-held thermal imaging camera in a semi-arid forest ecosystems. International Journal of Environmental Research 17, 14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-022-00504-8
  13. Doulos, L., Santamouris, M., & Livada, I. (2004). Passive cooling of outdoor urban spaces: The role of materials. Solar Energy, 77(2), 231–249. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2004.04.005
  14. Heng, S. L., & Chow, W. T. L. (2019). How ‘hot’ is too hot? Evaluating acceptable outdoor thermal comfort ranges in an equatorial urban park. International Journal of Biometeorology, 63, 801–816. doi:10.1007/s00484-019-01694-1
  15. Huang, J., Zhou, C., Zhuo, Y., Xu, L., & Jiang, Y. (2016). Outdoor thermal environments and activities in open space: An experiment study in humid subtropical climates. Building and Environment, 103, 238–249. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.03.029
  16. Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera. (n.d.). Normais climatológicas: 1991–2020. Retrieved August 29, 2026, from https://www.ipma.pt/pt/oclima/normais.clima/1991-2020/
  17. Kordon, S., Karcı, A., & Tuğluer, M. (2025). Climate-responsive urban roofscapes: A systematic review and a new hybrid roof ecosystem services matrix. In EGE 14th International Conference on Applied Sciences, December 23–29, 2025, İzmir. Academy Global Publishing House.
  18. Kousis, I., & Pisello, A. L. (2023). Evaluating the performance of cool pavements for urban heat island mitigation under realistic conditions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Urban Climate, 49, 101470. doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2023.101470
  19. Lai, D., Lian, Z., Liu, W., Guo, C., Liu, W., Liu, K., & Chen, Q. (2020). A comprehensive review of thermal comfort studies in urban open spaces. Science of the Total Environment, 742, 140092. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140092
  20. Lin, T.-P. (2009). Thermal perception, adaptation and attendance in a public square in hot and humid regions. Building and Environment, 44(10), 2017–2026. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.02.004
  21. Lin, T.-P., Matzarakis, A., & Hwang, R.-L. (2010). Shading effect on long-term outdoor thermal comfort. Building and Environment, 45(1), 213–221. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.06.002
  22. Lin, T.-P., Tsai, K.-T., Liao, C.-C., & Huang, Y.-C. (2013). Effects of thermal comfort and adaptation on park attendance regarding different shading levels and activity types. Building and Environment, 59, 599–611. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.10.005
  23. Melnikov, V. R., Christopoulos, G. I., Krzhizhanovskaya, V. V., Lees, M. H., & Sloot, P. M. A. (2022). Behavioural thermal regulation explains pedestrian path choices in hot urban environments. Scientific Reports, 12, 2441. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-06383-5
  24. Mirzaei, P. A., & Haghighat, F. (2010). Approaches to study urban heat island—Abilities and limitations. Building and Environment, 45(10), 2192–2201. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.04.001
  25. Nikolopoulou, M., Baker, N., & Steemers, K. (2001). Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces: Understanding the human parameter. Solar Energy, 70(3), 227–235. doi:10.1016/S0038-092X(00)00093-1
  26. Nikolopoulou, M., & Steemers, K. (2003). Thermal comfort and psychological adaptation as a guide for designing urban spaces. Energy and Buildings, 35(1), 95–101. doi:10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00084-1
  27. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (2001). Global surface hourly [Lisboa/Portela 08536; 20–25 May 2025]. Retrieved from https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/
  28. Nouri, A. S., Costa, J. P., Santamouris, M., & Matzarakis, A. (2018). Approaches to outdoor thermal comfort thresholds through public space design: A review. Atmosphere, 9(3), 108. doi:10.3390/atmos9030108
  29. Oguz, H. (2017). Automated land surface temperature retrieval from Landsat 8 satellite imagery: A case study of Diyarbakir–Turkey. Turkish Journal of Forest Science, 1(1), 33–43. doi:10.32328/turkjforsci.296845
  30. Oguz, H. (2022). Spatio-temporal change of land surface temperature distribution in Istanbul, Türkiye. In Ö. Demirel, E. Polat, & S. Akten (Eds.), Architectural sciences and spatial planning (Vol. 3, pp. 82–101). Ankara, Türkiye: Iksad Publications.
  31. Oguz, H., Doygun, N., Kisakurek, S., & Ozcalik, M. (2019). Calculating surface temperature of Izmir, Turkey. ArtGRID-Journal of Architecture, Engineering and Fine Arts, 1(2), 36–46.
  32. Oke, T. R. (1982). The energetic basis of the urban heat island. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 108(455), 1–24. doi:10.1002/qj.49710845502
  33. OpenStreetMap. (n.d.). OpenStreetMap [Map]. Retrieved August 29, 2026, from https://www.openstreetmap.org/
  34. Playà-Montmany, N., & Tattersall, G. J. (2021). Spot size, distance and emissivity errors in field applications of infrared thermography. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 12(5), 828–840. doi:10.1111/2041-210X.13563
  35. Santamouris, M. (2015a). Analyzing the heat island magnitude and characteristics in one hundred Asian and Australian cities and regions. Science of the Total Environment, 512–513, 582–598. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.060
  36. Santamouris, M. (2015b). Regulating the damaged thermostat of the cities—Status, impacts and mitigation challenges. Energy and Buildings, 91, 43–56. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.01.027
  37. Santamouris, M., Gaitani, N., Spanou, A., Saliari, M., Giannopoulou, K., Vasilakopoulou, K., & Kardomateas, T. (2012). Using cool paving materials to improve microclimate of urban areas—Design realization and results of the Flisvos project. Building and Environment, 53, 128–136. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.01.022
  38. Santamouris, M., Synnefa, A., & Karlessi, T. (2011). Using advanced cool materials in the urban built environment to mitigate heat islands and improve thermal comfort conditions. Solar Energy, 85(12), 3085–3102. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2010.12.023
  39. Singh, G., Peterson, B., Jay, O., & Stevens, C. J. (2024). The effect of synthetic grass sports surfaces on the thermal environment: A systematic review. International Journal of Biometeorology, 68(7), 1235–1252. doi:10.1007/s00484-024-02679-5
  40. Song, B., & Park, K. (2014). Validation of ASTER surface temperature data with in situ measurements to evaluate heat islands in complex urban areas. Advances in Meteorology, 2014, 620410. doi:10.1155/2014/620410
  41. Soltani, A., & Sharifi, E. (2017). Daily variation of urban heat island effect and its correlations to urban greenery: A case study of Adelaide. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 6(4), 529–538. doi:10.1016/j.foar.2017.08.001
  42. Stewart, I. D., & Oke, T. R. (2012). Local climate zones for urban temperature studies. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 93(12), 1879–1900. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00019.1
  43. Taleghani, M., Kleerekoper, L., Tenpierik, M. J., & van den Dobbelsteen, A. A. J. F. (2015). Outdoor thermal comfort within five different urban forms in the Netherlands. Building and Environment, 83, 65–78. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.03.014
  44. Turismo de Portugal. (2025). Alojamento local | 2024. Retrieved from https://travelbi.turismodeportugal.pt/alojamento/alojamento-local-2024/
  45. Wu, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2019). Water bodies’ cooling effects on urban land daytime surface temperature: Ecosystem service reducing heat island effect. Sustainability, 11(3), 787. doi:10.3390/su11030787
  46. Debbage, N., Zhai, W., López Ochoa, E., Lee, R. J., Pineda, A., Jones, E.,. Kenney, M. (2025). Evaluating the performance of cool pavement in San Antonio, Texas, as an urban heat mitigation measure. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 64(9), 1127–1146. doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-24-0139.1