Journals / Güncel Retina Dergisi / 2018 / Cilt: 2 - Sayı: 3

Macular Hole: Etiology, Physiopathology, Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis and Treatment

Maküler Hol; Etyoloji, Fizyopatoloji, Tanı, Ayırıcı Tanı ve Tedavi

Pages
273–282
DOI
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

IMH is such a pathology that can be treated successfully by vitrectomy and ILM peeling at the present situation.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:Retinal defects evolving whole neural layers in the macular area especially in fovea are being called macular hole (idiopathic macular hole; IMH).
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Key Findings & Data:IMH is seen frequently unilaterally in females and patients > 65 years of age.
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Conclusion & Impact:IMH is such a pathology that can be treated successfully by vitrectomy and ILM peeling at the present situation.
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Domain Parameters

Abstract

Retinal defects evolving whole neural layers in the macular area especially in fovea are being called macular hole (idiopathic macular hole; IMH). It causes painless central visual loss and deteriation of vision that is called metamorphopsia. Anteroposterior dynamic forces (vitreo-macular traction; VMT) caused by tangential tractional vectors of the prefoveal vitreus cortex and progression to full thickness macular hole due to weakening of the inner retinal layers are attributed for the etiology of macular hole. IMH is seen frequently unilaterally in females and patients > 65 years of age. An approach for IMH treatment, aiming to release the traction and closure of the macular hole by pharmacological vitreolizis is the use of ocriplasmin, which is a plasmin derivative. To release the synechia on the vitreomacular interface and to normalize the abnormalities of the retinal surface are the aims of IMH surgery. Besides, vitreoretinal surgery constitutes suitable conditions for closure of the hole. Separation and detachment of the posterior hyaloid, core vitrectomy, removal of the peripheral vitreus and Internal Limitan Membran (ILM) peeling are the standard stages of the classic IMH surgery. Condition of the other eye, presence of Epiretinal Membran (ERM), hole width, patient’s age and quality of life are important factors when evaluating the patients. Ocriplasmin alternative must be kept in mind in holes smaller than 400 μ especially if VMT is existent. IMH is such a pathology that can be treated successfully by vitrectomy and ILM peeling at the present situation.

Özet

Retinada maküler alan üzerinde özellikle foveada tüm nöral katları içine alan retina defektleri maküler delik (idiopatik maküler hol; IMH) olarak adlandırılır. Hastalarda ağrısız santral görme kaybı ve metamorfopsi olarak adlandırılan görüntülerdeki bozulmalarla kendini belli eder. Maküler hol etiyolojisine ilişkin teorilerde prefoveal vitreus korteksinden kaynaklanan tanjansiyel traksiyonel kuvvetlerin, antero-posterior yönde dinamik bir kuvvet uyguladığı (vitreo-maküler traksiyon; VMT) ve sonrasında retina iç katlarında zayıflamaya bağlı olarak tam kat makula deliğine ilerlediği belirtilmiştir. IMH sıklıkla 65 yaşın üzerinde çoğunlukla tek taraflı ve kadınlarda daha sık görülmektedir. IMH tedavisinde farmakolojik vitreolizis yaparak traksiyonun giderilmesi ve deliğin kapanmasını hedefleyen bir yaklaşım da plazmin derivesi olan okriplazmindir. IMH cerrahisinde amaç vitreo-maküler ara yüzeyde oluşan yapışıklıkları gidermek ve bu yapışıklıklara bağlı gelişen retina yüzeyindeki anormal yapıyı eski durumuna döndürmektir. Bununla beraber vitrektomi deliğin kapanması için uygun ortamı da oluşturur. Vitrektomi cerrahisinde posterior hyaloidin ayrılması ve dekole edilmesi, kor vitrektomi, periferik vitreus temizliği ve Internal Limitan Membran (ILM) soyulması IMH cerrahinde deliğin kapanması için standart işlemlerdir. Hastalar değerlendirilirken diğer gözün durumu, Epiretinal Membran (ERM) varlığı, deliğin büyüklüğü, hastanın yaşı ve yaşam kalitesi önemli faktörlerdir. 400 mikrondan küçük deliklerde ve VMT de var ise okriplazmin seçeneği de ayrıca değerlendirilmelidir. Gelinen noktada IMH, vitrektomi ve ILM soyulması ile yüksek başarı oranı ile tedavi edilebilen patolojiler arasındadır.

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Cite This Article

ÇINAR, E., ERAKGÜN, E. T. (2018). Macular Hole: Etiology, Physiopathology, Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis and Treatment. Güncel Retina Dergisi, Cilt: 2 - Sayı: 3, 273–282. https://ajindex.com/articles/173580

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