Journals / Journal of Silk Road Tourism Research / 2026 / Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

The Isparta Rose in Emotional Gastronomy: A Journey From Scent to Taste

Duygusal Gastronomi Deneyiminde Isparta Gülü: Kokudan Tadımsal Yolculuğa

Hazal Ezgi Gündüz(ISPARTA UYGULAMALI BİLİMLER ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-4028-547X
Pages
77–91
Publication Date
2026-06-30
DOI
—
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Qualitative interviews and experimental designs are recommended for future research to measure emotional responses.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study discusses the emotional gastronomy approach using the example of Isparta rose, revealing how a local product can be transformed into an emotional and memorable experience through multisensory (smell–taste–visual–tactile–auditory) stimuli.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Rose harvesting events and rose-themed festivals in Isparta increase the longevity of the experience through participant interaction, while geographical indication protection supports authenticity and brand value.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Qualitative interviews and experimental designs are recommended for future research to measure emotional responses.
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Duygusal Gastronomi · Çok Duyulu Deneyim · Koku–Hafıza–Duygu

Abstract

This study discusses the emotional gastronomy approach using the example of Isparta rose, revealing how a local product can be transformed into an emotional and memorable experience through multisensory (smell–taste–visual–tactile–auditory) stimuli. The literature-based conceptual review examines how the interaction between smell, memory, and emotion deepens the visitor experience, drawing on the experience economy, the Stimulus–Organism–Response (S-O-R) paradigm, and the multisensory gastronomy literature. The findings show that the scent of roses triggers feelings of nostalgia, peace, and belonging through associations related to the limbic system; products such as rose jam, rose syrup, and rose lokum not only produce taste but also emotional bonds, strengthening the destination's identity. Rose harvesting events and rose-themed festivals in Isparta increase the longevity of the experience through participant interaction, while geographical indication protection supports authenticity and brand value. The study contributes to the literature by conceptualizing emotional gastronomy through local products and suggests that rose-themed gastronomic routes, scent-taste workshops, and creative culinary applications can increase visitor satisfaction and emotional brand value. Qualitative interviews and experimental designs are recommended for future research to measure emotional responses.

Özet

Bu çalışma, duygusal gastronomi yaklaşımını Isparta gülü örneği üzerinden tartışarak, yerel bir ürünün çok duyulu (koku–tat–görsel–dokunsal–işitsel) uyarımlar yoluyla nasıl duygusal ve hatırlanabilir bir deneyime dönüştüğünü ortaya koymaktadır. Literatür temelli kavramsal incelemede; deneyim ekonomisi, Uyarıcı–Organizma–Tepki (S-O-R) paradigması ve çok duyulu gastronomi yazınından hareketle koku–hafıza–duygu etkileşiminin ziyaretçi deneyimini nasıl derinleştirdiği ele alınmıştır. Bulgular, gül kokusunun limbik sistemle ilişkili çağrışımlar üzerinden nostalji, huzur ve aidiyet duygularını tetiklediğini; gül reçeli, gül şerbeti ve gül lokumu gibi ürünlerin yalnızca tat değil, duygusal bağ da üreterek destinasyon kimliğini güçlendirdiğini göstermektedir. Isparta’da gül hasadı etkinlikleri ve gül temalı festivaller, katılımcı etkileşim sayesinde deneyimin kalıcılığını artırmakta; coğrafi işaret koruması ise otantiklik ve marka değerini desteklemektedir. Çalışma, duygusal gastronomiyi yerel ürünler üzerinden somutlaştırarak literatüre kavramsal katkı sunmakta ve uygulamada gül temalı gastronomi rotaları, koku–tat atölyeleri ile yaratıcı mutfak uygulamalarının ziyaretçi memnuniyeti ve duygusal marka değerini artırabileceğini önermektedir. Gelecek araştırmalar için nitel görüşmeler ve deneysel tasarımlarla duygusal tepkilerin ölçümlenmesi önerilmektedir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Gündüz, H. E. (2026). The Isparta Rose in Emotional Gastronomy: A Journey From Scent to Taste. Journal of Silk Road Tourism Research, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 77–91. https://ajindex.com/articles/1619165

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (95)

  1. Adrar, I., Hervé, M., Mantel, M., Bony, A., Thévenet, M., Boachon, B.,. & Mandairon, N. (2025). Why do we like so much the smell of roses: The recipe for the perfect flower. iScience, 28(2), Article 109120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.111635
  2. Adriaanse, M. A., de Ridder, D. T., & Evers, C. (2011). Emotional eating: Eating when emotional or emotional about eating? Psychology and Health, 26(1), 23–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440903207627
  3. Afshardoost, M., & Eshaghi, M. S. (2020). Destination image and tourist behavioural intentions: A meta-analysis. Tourism Management, 81, Article 104154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104154
  4. Alp, Ş., & Karagoz, S. (2018). Determination of antioxidant vitamins and MDA content in petals of rose species used in food. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 4, 464–469. https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JSTR/article/view/45490
  5. Amaro, D., Caldeira, A. M., & Seabra, C. (2025). Transformative experiences in tourism: A conceptual and critical analysis integrating consumer and managerial perspectives. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 25(1), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.1177/14673584231182971
  6. Anton, C., Camarero, C., Laguna, M., & Buhalis, D. (2019). Impacts of authenticity, degree of adaptation and culturalcontrast on travellers’ memorable gastronomy experiences? Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 28(7), 743–764. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2019.1564106
  7. Asshidin, N. H. N., Abidin, N., & Borhan, H. B. (2016). Perceived quality and emotional value that influence consumer's purchase intention towards American and local products. Procedia Economics and Finance, 35, 639–643. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(16)00078-2
  8. Aydin, M., Sarı Hök, H., & Salvarci, S. (2022). Does gastronomy brand image affect the perceived emotional value and tour satisfaction? Enlightening Tourism: A Pathmaking Journal, 12(1), 366–397. 10.33776/et.v12i1.6979
  9. Başaran, B. (2020). Perceptions, attitudes and behaviours of consumers towards traditional foods and gastronomy tourism: The case of Rize. Journal of Tourism & Gastronomy Studies, 8(3), 1752–1769. https://doi.org/10.21325/jotags.2020.632
  10. Batat, W. (2021). The role of luxury gastronomy in culinary tourism: An ethnographic study of Michelin‐starred restaurants in France. International Journal of Tourism Research, 23(2), 150–163. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2372
  11. Bessière, J. (1998). Local development and heritage: Traditional food and cuisine as tourist attractions in rural areas. Sociologia Ruralis, 38(1), 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9523.00061
  12. Bose, S., Pradhan, S., Bashir, M., & Roy, S. K. (2022). Customer-based place brand equity and tourism: A regional identity perspective. Journal of Travel Research, 61(3), 511–527. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287521999465
  13. Braden, A., Musher-Eizenman, D., Watford, T., & Emley, E. (2018). Eating when depressed, anxious, bored, or happy: Are emotional eating types associated with unique psychological and physical health correlates? Appetite, 125, 410–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2018.02.022
  14. Chen, Z. (2025). Theoretical development of the tourist experience: A future perspective. Tourism Recreation Research, 50(2), 199–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2023.2255939
  15. Cheng, B., Liu, X., Liu, Y., Luo, L., Pan, H., Zhang, Q., & Yu, C. (2025). Targeted metabolite and molecular profiling of carotenoids in rose petals: A step forward towards functional food applications. Food Chemistry, 464, Article 141675. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.141675
  16. Chu, S., & Downes, J. J. (2002). Proust nose best: Odors are better cues of autobiographical memory. Memory & Cognition, 30(4), 511–518. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03194952
  17. Chung, S. Y., & Yoon, J. Y. (2024). An exploratory study of the components of a memorable gastronomic tourism experience using the strategic experience modules. Culinary Science & Hospitality Research, 30(9), 83–96. https://doi.org/10.20878/cshr.2024.30.9.008
  18. Crescenzi, R., De Filippis, F., Giua, M., & Vaquero-Piñeiro, C. (2022). Geographical Indications and local development: The strength of territorial embeddedness. Regional Studies, 56(3), 381–393. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2021.1946499
  19. Çalışkan, V., & Koç, H. (2013). Türkiye’de coğrafi işaretlerin dağılış özelliklerinin ve coğrafi işaret potansiyelinin değerlendirilmesi. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 17(28), 193–214. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ataunidcd/article/31291
  20. Çuhadar, M., Küçükyaman, M. A., & Şaşmaz, M. A. (2018). Geçmişten günümüze Isparta mutfak kültürü: Nitel bir araştırma. Journal of Tourism & Gastronomy Studies, 6(Özel Sayı 3), 125–142. 10.21325/jotags.2018.243
  21. Dakanalis, A., Mentzelou, M., Papadopoulou, S. K., Papandreou, D., Spanoudaki, M., Vasios, G. K.,. & Giaginis, C. (2023). The association of emotional eating with overweight/obesity, depression, anxiety/stress, and dietary patterns: A review of the current clinical evidence. Nutrients, 15(5), Article 1173. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051173
  22. Dalton, P., Doolittle, N., Nagata, H., & Breslin, P. A. S. (2000). The merging of the senses: Integration of subthreshold taste and smell. Nature Neuroscience, 3(5), 431–432. https://doi.org/10.1038/74797
  23. Dantec, M., Mantel, M., Lafraire, J., Rouby, C., & Bensafi, M. (2021). On the contribution of the senses to food emotional experience. Food Quality and Preference, 92, Article 104120. 10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.104120
  24. Del Castillo, E. J. S., Armas, R. J. D., & Taño, D. G. (2024). Ethnocentrism and place identity in the consumption of local products. Heliyon, 10(10), Article e31240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31602
  25. Demircioğlu, A., & Demir, Ş. Ş. (2023). Isparta destinasyonundaki turistlerin hediyelik eşya satın almadaki beklentileri ve memnuniyeti üzerine bir araştırma. Uluslararası Global Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(2), 90–101. https://doi.org/10.58670/ijgtr.1209011
  26. Desmet, P. M., & Schifferstein, H. N. (2008). Sources of positive and negative emotions in food experience. Appetite, 50(2-3), 290–301. 10.1016/j.appet.2007.08.003 Devonport, T. J., Nicholls, W., & Fullerton, C. (2019). A systematic review of the association between emotions and eating behaviour in normal and overweight adult populations. Journal of Health Psychology, 24(1), 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105317697813
  27. El Malahi, S., Ganoudi, M., & Hassani, L. M. I. (2025). Beyond beauty: A look at the Damask rose's origin, history and geographical spread. International Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Research, 11(1), 79–95. 10.22004/ag.econ.355569
  28. Elder, R. S., & Krishna, A. (2022). A review of sensory imagery for consumer psychology. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 32(2), 293–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1242
  29. Esau, D., & Senese, D. M. (2022). Consuming location: The sustainable impact of transformational experiential culinary and wine tourism in Chianti Italy. Sustainability, 14(12), Article 7012. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127012
  30. Fascella, G., D’Angiolillo, F., Mammano, M. M., Granata, G., & Napoli, E. (2022). Effect of petal color, water status, and extraction method on qualitative characteristics of Rosa rugosa liqueur. Plants, 11(14), Article 1859. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11141859
  31. Fuente González, C. E., Chávez-Servín, J. L., de la Torre-Carbot, K., Ronquillo González, D., Aguilera Barreiro, M. D. L. Á., & Ojeda Navarro, L. R. (2022). Relationship between emotional eating, consumption of hyperpalatable energy‐dense foods, and indicators of nutritional status: A systematic review. Journal of Obesity, 2022, Article 4243868. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4243868
  32. Godet, A., Fortier, A., Bannier, E., Coquery, N., & Val-Laillet, D. (2022). Interactions between emotions and eating behaviors: Main issues, neuroimaging contributions, and innovative preventive or corrective strategies. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, 23(4), 807–831. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-021-09700X Green, J. D., Reid, C. A., Kneuer, M. A., & Hedgebeth, M. V. (2023). The proust effect: Scents, food, and nostalgia. Current Opinion in Psychology, 50, Article 101562. 10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101562
  33. Hegde, A. S., Gupta, S., Sharma, S., Srivatsan, V., & Kumari, P. (2022). Edible rose flowers: A doorway to gastronomic and nutraceutical research. Food Research International, 162, Article 111977. 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111977
  34. Herz, R. S. (2004). A naturalistic analysis of autobiographical memories triggered by olfactory visual and auditory stimuli. Chemical Senses, 29(3), 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjh025
  35. Herz, R. S. (2016). The role of odor-evoked memory in psychological and physiological health. Brain Sciences, 6(3), Article 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci6030022
  36. Hughes, M. (2004). Olfaction, emotion & the amygdala: Arousal-dependent modulation of long-term autobiographical memory and its association with olfaction: Beginning to unravel the Proust phenomenon? Impulse: The Premier Journal for Undergraduate Publications in the Neurosciences, 1(1), 1–58. https://assets.pubpub.org/b2t5qa54/51643379721649.pdf
  37. Jensen, Ø., & Prebensen, N. (2015). Innovation and value creation in experience-based tourism. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 15(sup1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2015.1066093
  38. Kartika, T., Hurriyati, R., & Hendrayati, H. (2022, July). Creating tourism experience-orchestra model approach. In 6th Global Conference on Business, Management, and Entrepreneurship (GCBME 2021) (pp. 225-230). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.220701.044
  39. Kastenholz, E., Eusébio, C., & Carneiro, M. J. (2016). Purchase of local products within the rural tourist experience context. Tourism Economics, 22(4), 729–748. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816616654245
  40. Kaya, S. S., Munk, R., Prado, D., & Quoidbach, J. (2025). Emotions shape taste perception in a real restaurant environment. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 39, Article 101080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2024.101080
  41. Kendir, H., & Arslan, E. (2020). Gastronomi turizmi açısından yöresel lezzetlerin duygusal değer boyutunda incelenmesi Tokat ili örneği. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, (2020 Sonbahar Özel Sayı I/II), 130–138. https://izlik.org/JA44XM84CX
  42. Konttinen, H. (2020). Emotional eating and obesity in adults: The role of depression, sleep and genes. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 79(3), 283–289. 10.1017/S0029665120000166
  43. Kovalenko, A., Dias, Á., Pereira, L., & Simões, A. (2023). Gastronomic experience and consumer behavior: Analyzing the influence on destination image. Foods, 12(2), Article 315. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12020315
  44. Krishna, A., (2012). An integrative review of sensory marketing: Engaging the senses to affect perception, judgment and behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 22(3), 332–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.08.003
  45. Lai, M. Y., Khoo-Lattimore, C., & Wang, Y. (2019). Food and cuisine image in destination branding: Toward a conceptual model. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 19(2), 238–251. https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358417740763
  46. Lebrun, A. M., & Bouchet, P. (2024). Dining-out preferences of domestic tourists at a gastronomic destination: The major influence of localness in France. Tourism Management Perspectives, 50, Article 101217. 10.1016/j.tmp.2023.101217
  47. Mastinu, M., Melis, M., Yousaf, N. Y., Barbarossa, I. T., & Tepper, B. J. (2023). Emotional responses to taste and smell stimuli: Self‐reports, physiological measures, and a potential role for individual and genetic factors. Journal of Food Science, 88(S1), A65–A90. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.16300
  48. Matsunaga, M., Bai, Y., Yamakawa, K., Toyama, A., Kashiwagi, M., Fukuda, K.,. & Ohira, H. (2013). Brain–immune interaction accompanying odor-evoked autobiographic memory. PLoS One, 8(8), Article e72523. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072523
  49. Mengual-Recuerda, A., Tur-Viñes, V., & Juárez-Varón, D. (2020). Neuromarketing in haute cuisine gastronomic experiences. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 1772. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01772
  50. Moein, M., Zarshenas, M. M., & Delnavaz, S. (2014). Chemical composition analysis of rose water samples from Iran. Pharmaceutical Biology, 52(10), 1358–1361. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2014.885062
  51. Moreno-Lobato, A., Di-Clemente, E., Campón-Cerro, A. M., & Hernández-Mogollón, J. M. (2023). Application of smellscapes and affective-cognitive analysis in memorable cheese-based tourism experiences. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 34, Article 100815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2023.100815
  52. Moreno-Lobato, A., Di-Clemente, E., Campón-Cerro, A. M., & Pasaco-González, B. S. (2025). Exploring gastronomic experiences: Tourists’ emotions, quality of life and behavioural intentions. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 25(4), 607–620. https://doi.org/10.1177/14673584241255545
  53. Muñoz, F., Hildebrandt, A., Schacht, A., Stürmer, B., Bröcker, F., Martín-Loeches, M., & Sommer, W. (2022). Determinants of quality, specificity, and stability of emotional episodic memories in a fine-dining context. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 28, Article 100511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2022.100511
  54. Nagy, A., & Ecseri, K. (2020). Edible flowers—the rose. Gradus, 7(2), 59–61. https://doi.org/10.47833/2020.2.AGR.011
  55. Nikraftar, T., Karimizadeh, E., & Hosseini, E. (2024). Food and destination branding: Towards a conceptual model. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-04741-z Noel, C., & Dando, R. (2015). The effect of emotional state on taste perception. Appetite, 95, 89–95. 10.1016/j.appet.2015.06.003
  56. Noh, Y. M., Ait Hida, A., Raymond, O., Comte, G., & Bendahmane, M. (2024). The scent of roses, a bouquet of fragrance diversity. Journal of Experimental Botany, 75(5), 1252–1264. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erad470 Oraman, Y. (2015). Türkiye’de coğrafi işaretli ürünler. Balkan ve Yakın Doğu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(1), 76–85. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bahattin-Akdemir 2/publication/301747402_Prediction_of_Combine's_Number_By_Using_ARMAX_Model_in_Turkey/links/5724d4b108ae262228adb9a8/Prediction-of-Combines-Number-By-Using-ARMAX-Model-in-Turkey.pdf#page=80
  57. Ödemiş, M. (2024). Gastronomic image of Turkish baklava: Analyzing user reviews on TripAdvisor. Tourism and Recreation, 6(1), 208–217. 10.53601/tourismandrecreation.1476935
  58. Pan, Q., Zhang, Q., Tian, J., Zhang, J., & Chen, Q. (2025). Embodied multisensory gastronomic experience and sustainable destination appeal: A grounded theory approach. Sustainability, 17(16), Article 7296. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167296
  59. Pavlidis, G., & Markantonatou, S. (2020). Gastronomic tourism in Greece and beyond: A thorough review. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 21, Article 100229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2020.100229
  60. Pine, B. J., & Gilmore, J. H. (2013). The experience economy: Past, present and future. In Handbook on the experience economy (pp. 21–44). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781004227.00007
  61. Pires, T. C., Dias, M. I., Barros, L., & Ferreira, I. C. (2017). Nutritional and chemical characterization of edible petals and corresponding infusions: Valorization as new food ingredients. Food Chemistry, 220, 337–343. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.10.026
  62. Prescott, J., & Spinelli, S. (2024). Arousal and the modulation of sensory experience: Evidence from food-related emotions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 379(1908), Article 20230255. 10.1098/rstb.2023.0255
  63. Prinyawiwatkul, W. (2020). Relationships between emotion, acceptance, food choice, and consumption: Some new perspectives. Foods, 9(11), Article 1573. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9111573
  64. Quan, S., & Wang, N. (2004). Towards a structural model of the tourist experience: An illustration from food experiences in tourism. Tourism Management, 25(3), 297–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00130-4
  65. Reichenberger, J., Schnepper, R., Arend, A. K., & Blechert, J. (2020). Emotional eating in healthy individuals and patients with an eating disorder: Evidence from psychometric, experimental and naturalistic studies. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 79(3), 290–299. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665120007004
  66. Reinoso-Carvalho, F., Gunn, L. H., Horst, E. T., & Spence, C. (2020). Blending emotions and cross-modality in sonic seasoning: Towards greater applicability in the design of multisensory food experiences. Foods, 9(12), Article 1876. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9121876
  67. Richards, G. (2021). Evolving research perspectives on food and gastronomic experiences in tourism. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(3), 1037–1058. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-10-2020-1217
  68. Roy, Y., & Roy, V. (2022). Aesthetic and religious aspect of the tea ceremony as a theatrical performance: Contemporary insights in the classical culture of Japan. Culture and Arts in the Modern World, 23, 122–137. 10.31866/2410-1915.23.2022.260987
  69. Russell, J. A., & Mehrabian, A. (1974). Distinguishing anger and anxiety in terms of emotional response factors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42(1), 79. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0035915
  70. Saati, E. A., Haprinata, E. E., Winarsih, S., Wachid, M., & Wahyudi, V. A. (2021). Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of rose-spices drink with red ginger, lemongrass, and cinnamon extract as functional beverage. Food Science and Technology Journal (Foodscitech), 4(1), 16–26. https://doi.org/10.25139/fst.v4i1.3798
  71. Salgado, A., Moreira-Leite, B., Mata, P., Afonso, A., & Infante, P. (2024). Chocolates enriched with seaweed: Emotional data and its combination with sensory data for products profiling and consumer segmentation. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 37, Article 100955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2024.100955
  72. Say, J. (2022). Japanese tea ceremony in the industry of health and wellness tourism. International Journal of Current Science Research and Review, 5(2), 341–344. 10.47191/ijcsrr/V5-i2-05
  73. Seçuk, B., & Tugay, O. (2021). Coğrafi işaretli gastronomik ürünlerin web siteleri aracılığıyla bölgesel tanıtımda kullanımı: Akdeniz bölgesi. Journal of Tourism & Gastronomy Studies, 9(2), 835–854. https://doi.org/10.21325/jotags.2021.818
  74. Seubert, J., Ohla, K., Yokomukai, Y., Kellermann, T., & Lundström, J. N. (2015). Superadditive opercular activation to food flavor is mediated by enhanced temporal and limbic coupling. Human Brain Mapping, 36(5), 1662–1676. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22728
  75. Shen, W., Long, L. M., Shih, C. H., & Ludy, M. J. (2020). A humanities-based explanation for the effects of emotional eating and perceived stress on food choice motives during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nutrients, 12(9), Article 2712. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092712
  76. Sidali, K. L., Capitello, R., & Manurung, A. J. T. (2021). Development and validation of the perceived authenticity scale for cheese specialties with protected designation of origin. Foods, 10(2), Article 248. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10020248
  77. Spence, C. (2015). Multisensory flavor perception. Cell, 161(1), 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.03.007 Spence, C., (2022). On the use of ambient odours to influence the multisensory experience of dining. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 27, Article 100444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2021.100444
  78. Sthapit, E. (2019). Memories of gastronomic experiences, savoured positive emotions and savouring processes. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 19(2), 115–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2017.1402702
  79. Strizhakova, Y., & Coulter, R. A. (2015). Drivers of local relative to global brand purchases: A contingency approach. Journal of International Marketing, 23(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1509/jim.14.0037
  80. Sullivan, R. M., Wilson, D. A., Ravel, N., & Mouly, A. M. (2015). Olfactory memory networks: From emotional learning to social behaviors. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 9, Article 36. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00036
  81. Suna, B., & Alvarez, M. D. (2019). Gastronomic identity of Gaziantep: Perceptions of tourists and residents. Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research (AHTR), 7(2), 167–187. 10.30519/ahtr.571666
  82. Şahin, A., & Kılıçlar, A. (2023). The effect of tourists' gastronomic experience on emotional and cognitive evaluation: An application of SOR paradigm. Journal of Hospitality Tourism Insights, 6(2), 595–612. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-09-2021-0253 Şahin, İ., & Güzel, F. Ö. (2020). Do experiential destination attributes create emotional arousal and memory? A comparative research approach. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 29(8), 956–986. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2020.1746214
  83. Touw, M. (1982). Roses in the middle ages. Economic Botany, 36(1), 71–83. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02858701
  84. Trisoko, R. G., Yanti, R., & Andita, R. P. (2024). The power of local culture in regional tourism capital development. Indonesian Tourism Journal, 1(3), 172–185. https://doi.org/10.69812/itj.v1i3.49
  85. Türk Patent ve Marka Kurumu. (2025). Isparta gülü. Coğrafi İşaret Portalı. https://ci.turkpatent.gov.tr/cografi-isaretler/detay/37964
  86. Van Strien, T. (2018). Causes of emotional eating and matched treatment of obesity. Current Diabetes Reports, 18(6), Article 35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-018-1000-x
  87. Wilde, D., & Bertran, F. A. (2019). Participatory research through gastronomy design: A designerly move towards more playful gastronomy. International Journal of Food Design, 4(1), 3–37. https://doi.org/10.1386/ijfd.4.1.3_1
  88. Yeboah-Banin, A. A., & Quaye, E. S. (2021). Pathways to global versus local brand preferences: The roles of cultural identity and brand perceptions in emerging African markets. Journal of Global Marketing, 34(5), 372–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/08911762.2021.1886385
  89. Yoganathan, V., Osburg, V. S., & Akhtar, P. (2019). Sensory stimulation for sensible consumption: Multisensory marketing for e-tailing of ethical brands. Journal of Business Research, 96, 386–396. 10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.06.005
  90. Youssef, J., & Spence, C. (2023). Gastromotive dining: Using experiential multisensory dining to engage customers. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 31, Article 100686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2023.100686
  91. Yönel Baş, D., & Çakır, O. (2025). How memorable gastronomic experiences shape tourists’ destination satisfaction and behavioral intentions: The role of supportive interactions and self-expression on social media. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 73(2), 340–354. 10.37741/t.73.2.12
  92. Zare, H., Rahimi, H., Omidi, A., Nematolahi, F., & Sharifi, N. (2024). Relationship between emotional eating and nutritional intake in adult women with overweight and obesity: A cross-sectional study. Nutrition Journal, 23(1), Article 129. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-024-01030-3
  93. Adrar, I., Hervé, M., Mantel, M., Bony, A., Thévenet, M., Boachon, B.,. & Mandairon, N. (2025). Why do we like so much the smell of roses: The recipe for the perfect flower. iScience, 28(2), Article 109120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.111635
  94. Dakanalis, A., Mentzelou, M., Papadopoulou, S. K., Papandreou, D., Spanoudaki, M., Vasios, G. K.,. & Giaginis, C. (2023). The association of emotional eating with overweight/obesity, depression, anxiety/stress, and dietary patterns: A review of the current clinical evidence. Nutrients, 15(5), Article 1173. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051173
  95. Matsunaga, M., Bai, Y., Yamakawa, K., Toyama, A., Kashiwagi, M., Fukuda, K.,. & Ohira, H. (2013). Brain–immune interaction accompanying odor-evoked autobiographic memory. PLoS One, 8(8), Article e72523. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072523