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Journals / Uşak Üniversitesi Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2

Adolescent Connectedness in Turkiye: Validation of the T-MAC for School Counseling and Education Development

Türkiye’de Ergen Bağlılığı: Okul Psikolojik Danışmanlığı ve Eğitimin Gelişimi İçin T-MAC’in Geçerlik Çalışması

Dogan Hatun(USAK UNIVERSITY)0000-0002-4651-1362
Pages
259–276
Publication Date
2026-08-28
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The T-MAC is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing the multidimensional structure of connectedness in Turkish adolescents.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:The aim of this study was to evaluate the structural validity of the Turkish form of the Hemingway Measure of Adolescent Connectedness (T-MAC) through confirmatory factor analysis, to examine its measurement invariance across gender and developmental age groups using multi-group analyses, and to assess the internal consistency of its subscales with contemporary psychometric methods.
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Key Findings & Data:The study was conducted with 851 adolescents (Female = 443, Male = 408) enrolled in grades 5–12.
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Conclusion & Impact:The T-MAC is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing the multidimensional structure of connectedness in Turkish adolescents.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:ergen bağlılığı · Hemingway ölçeği · doğrulayıcı faktör analizi

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the structural validity of the Turkish form of the Hemingway Measure of Adolescent Connectedness (T-MAC) through confirmatory factor analysis, to examine its measurement invariance across gender and developmental age groups using multi-group analyses, and to assess the internal consistency of its subscales with contemporary psychometric methods. The study was conducted with 851 adolescents (Female = 443, Male = 408) enrolled in grades 5–12. The dataset was randomly split into two independent samples for exploratory and confirmatory analyses. Exploratory factor analysis was performed on the polychoric correlation matrix using principal axis factoring with promax rotation. Confirmatory factor analysis and measurement invariance tests were conducted using WLSMV and MLR estimation methods. Reliability was examined through Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega coefficients. The ten-factor first-order model demonstrated acceptable fit (CFI = .911, TLI = .905, RMSEA = .050, SRMR = .076) and received substantially stronger support compared to the single-factor baseline model (ΔCFI = .303). Full scalar invariance was established across gender. Metric invariance was supported across age groups, while partial scalar invariance was attained. The T-MAC is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing the multidimensional structure of connectedness in Turkish adolescents.

Özet

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Hemingway Ergen Bağlılık Ölçeği'nin Türkçe formunun (T-MAC) yapısal geçerliğini doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ile, cinsiyete ve gelişimsel yaş gruplarına göre ölçme değişmezliğini çok-gruplu analizlerle ve alt boyutların iç tutarlığını güncel psikometrik yöntemlerle değerlendirmektir. Araştırma, 5–12. sınıfa devam eden 851 ergen (Kız = 443, Erkek = 408; M_yaş = 14.21, SD = 2.22) üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Veri seti rastgele ikiye bölünerek keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı analizler için bağımsız örneklemler oluşturulmuştur. Açımlayıcı faktör analizi polikorik korelasyon matrisi üzerinden temel eksen faktörleştirmesi ve promax döndürme ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ve ölçme değişmezliği testleri WLSMV ve MLR tahmin yöntemleriyle yapılmıştır. Güvenirlik Cronbach alfa ve McDonald omega katsayılarıyla incelenmiştir. On faktörlü birinci derece model kabul edilebilir uyum göstermiş (CFI = .911, TLI = .905, RMSEA = .050, SRMR = .076) ve tek faktörlü taban modeline kıyasla belirgin biçimde daha güçlü desteklenmiştir (ΔCFI = .303). Cinsiyete göre tam skaler değişmezlik sağlanmıştır. Yaş gruplarında metrik değişmezlik desteklenirken, kısmi skaler değişmezlik elde edilmiştir. T-MAC, Türk ergenlerinde bağlılığın çok boyutlu yapısını değerlendirmede geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracıdır. Ölçek puanları kız ve erkek ergenler arasında karşılaştırılabilir niteliktedir.

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Cite This Article

Hatun, D. (2026). Adolescent Connectedness in Turkiye: Validation of the T-MAC for School Counseling and Education Development. Uşak Üniversitesi Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 259–276. https://doi.org/10.29065/usakead.1951680

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