Journals / Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 28 Sayı: 1

Behavioral Changes in Small and Medium- Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Triggered by Ransomware Attacks: A Thematic Case Analysis

Tematik Vaka Analiziyle Küçük ve Orta Ölçekli İşletmelerde (KOBİ) Fidye Saldırılarıyla Ortaya Çıkan Davranış Değişiklikleri

Arafat Salih Aydıner(İSTANBUL MEDENİYET ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SİYASAL BİLGİLER FAKÜLTESİ, İŞLETME BÖLÜMÜ, YÖNETİM BİLİŞİM SİSTEMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI)0000-0002-1133-5995
Pages
307–334
Publication Date
2026-06-30
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The results show that how an SME responds immediately after a ransomware attack—especially in terms of psychological and organizational actions—is crucial for reducing harm.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:As digital technologies become more widespread, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) face growing risks from cybersecurity threats, especially ransomware attacks.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis to understand the changes in behavior, policy, and strategy after the attack.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The results show that how an SME responds immediately after a ransomware attack—especially in terms of psychological and organizational actions—is crucial for reducing harm.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Fidye Saldırıları Direnci · KOBİ Davranışları · Koruma Motivasyon Teorisi

Abstract

As digital technologies become more widespread, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) face growing risks from cybersecurity threats, especially ransomware attacks. These incidents not only create technical problems but also impact business operations, reputation, and relationships with customers. This means it is important to look at ransomware’s effects from several dimensions—not just technical, but also managerial, organizational, and psychological. Traditionally, SMEs have focused on technical solutions for cybersecurity. However, this study shows that such measures alone are not enough. This research uses a case study approach, guided by Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and Dynamic Capabilities Theory (DCT), to examine the experience of an SME that suffered a ransomware attack. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis to understand the changes in behavior, policy, and strategy after the attack. The results show that how an SME responds immediately after a ransomware attack—especially in terms of psychological and organizational actions—is crucial for reducing harm. The study finds that, beyond technical improvements, raising awareness among managers and employees is essential. By taking a broad and interdisciplinary approach, the study offers practical recommendations for SMEs to strengthen their resilience. It also highlights that national policies are still mainly technical, often overlooking organizational and psychological factors. Building trust and including legal and judicial support are also important for responding effectively to ransomware. Lastly, the study suggests that SMEs need to develop new behavioral habits and create a sense of psychological safety, as well as technical readiness, to build strong resilience against ransomware attacks.

Özet

Dijitalleşmenin yaygınlaşmasıyla birlikte, genel olarak siber güvenlik ve özel olarak fidye saldırıları küçük ve orta ölçekli işletmeleri (KOBİ) tehdit etmektedir. Bu tehdidin ortaya çıkardığı sonuçlar, çalışmanın yalnızca teknik değil; yönetimsel, organizasyonel ve psikolojik boyutları da kapsayan bir bakış açısıyla KOBİ’lerin karşı karşıya kaldığı fidye saldırılarını kapsamlı biçimde ele alma gerekliliğini doğurmuştur. Geleneksel olarak teknik önlemlerle sınırlı tutulan siber savunmanın, KOBİ’lerde işin kesintiye uğraması, itibar kaybı ve müşteri kaybı gibi çok boyutlu sonuçlara yol açtığı gözlemlenmiş; bu nedenle yalnızca teknik tedbirlerin yeterli olmadığı anlaşılmıştır. Çalışmada, vaka analizi yöntemiyle fidye saldırısı yaşamış bir KOBİ’nin olay anından toparlanma sürecine kadar yaşadığı deneyimler, Koruma Motivasyon Teorisi (KMT) ve Dinamik Kabiliyetler Teorisi (DKT) çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Tasarım odaklı düşünme yöntemiyle gerçekleştirilen yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler ve tematik analiz aracılığıyla, saldırı sonrası ortaya çıkan davranış değişiklikleri ile politika ve strateji düzeyinde oluşan değişimler belirlenmiştir. Bulgular, ilk tepkinin psikolojik ve organizasyonel olarak doğru ve etkili biçimde verilmesinin zararın azaltılmasında kritik rol oynadığını; teknik değişimlerin yanında yönetici ve çalışan farkındalığının artırılması gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışma, literatüre ek olarak çok disiplinli ve bütüncül bir yaklaşımla KOBİ’lere yönelik pratik ve stratejik çözüm önerileri sunmaktadır. Mevcut ulusal politikaların ve tavsiyelerin teknik odaklı kaldığı, ancak organizasyonel ve psikolojik boyutların ihmal edilmemesi gerektiği; güvenin sağlanarak adli ve hukuki desteklerin de dikkate alınmasının önem taşıdığı saptanmıştır. Bu çalışma, vaka analiziyle KOBİ’ler için fidye saldırılarına karşı çok boyutlu dayanıklılık geliştirerek yöneticilerin, organizasyonun ve teknik ekiplerin yeni davranışlar sergilemesi, psikolojik güvene ulaşması gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Aydıner, A. S. (2026). Behavioral Changes in Small and Medium- Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Triggered by Ransomware Attacks: A Thematic Case Analysis. Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 1, 307–334. https://doi.org/10.21180/iibfdkastamonu.1870606

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (46)

  1. Akbaş, A. (2025). Siber Güvenlikte İç Denetim. Muhasebe ve Denetime Bakış, 76, 237–256.
  2. Akdemir, T. & Altıncık, H. (2025). Dünya Çapında Ünlü Hacker Olaylarının Analizi ve Önemli Güvenlik Önerileri. İstanbul Arel Üniversitesi İletişim Çalışmaları Dergisi, 27, 26–48.
  3. Al-thani, W. A., Ari, I. & Koç, M. (2021). Education as a Critical Factor of Sustainability: Case Study in Qatar from the Teachers’ Development Perspective. Sustainability, 13, 1–32.
  4. Alovisi, J. & Evans, P. (2025). Siber Sigortaları: Büyümeye Yeniden İvme Kazandırmak. Howden. Erişim Adresi: https://www.howdengroup.com/tr-tr/haberler/siber-raporu-2025
  5. Ashenden, D., Black, R., Reid, I. D. & Henderson, S. (2021). Design Thinking for Cyber Deception. Proceedings of the 54th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1958–1967.
  6. Avcı, İ. (2023). Akıllı Ulaşım Sistemlerinde Siber Saldırılar ve Önlemler. Akıllı Ulaşım Sistemleri ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, 6(1), 194–208. https://doi.org/10.51513/jitsa.1224909
  7. Avwokwuruaye, O. & Ifeoma O., E. (2025). Ransomware Attacks and Their Impact on Small Businesses: Trends, Vulnerabilities, and Protective Measures. Harvard International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, 8(2), 92–103.
  8. Aydiner, A. S. (2021). New Approach to a Disruptive Business Model with Dynamic Capability Under the Blockchain Technology. İçinde Contributions to Management Science (ss. 17–32). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72288-3_2
  9. Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  10. Button, D., Ophoff, J., McDonald, S. & Irons, A. (2025). Mind The Gap: Exploring Perceptions of Cyber Security in The SME Context. Information and Computer Security. https://doi.org/10.1108/ICS-02-2025-0047
  11. Çelik, S. & Çeliktaş, B. (2018). Güncel Siber Güvenlik Tehditleri: Fidye Yazılımları. Cyberpolitik Journal, 3(5), 105-132.
  12. Connolly, L. Y. & Borrion, H. (2021). Your Money or Your Business: Decision-Making Processes in Ransomware Attacks. International Conference on Information Systems, ICIS 2020 - Making Digital Inclusive: Blending the Local and the Global, 0–9.
  13. Connolly, L. Y., Wall, D. S., Lang, M. & Oddson, B. (2020). An Empirical Study of Ransomware Attacks on Organizations: An Assessment of Severity and Salient Factors Affecting Vulnerability. Journal of Cybersecurity, 6(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/cybsec/tyaa023
  14. Crossler, R. & Bélanger, F. (2014). An Extended Perspective on Individual Security Behaviors: Protection Motivation Theory and a Unified Security Practices (USP) Instrument. Database for Advances in Information Systems, 45(4), 51–71. https://doi.org/10.1145/2691517.2691521
  15. Değirmenci, O. (2019). Cryptolocker: Bir Fidye Virüsünün Ceza Hukuku Açısından Analizi. Yaşar Hukuk Dergisi, 1(2), 175–204.
  16. Eroğlu, C. (2023). İşletmelerin Maruz Kaldığı Siber Suçların Boyutu. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(1), 69–96. https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd
  17. Floyd, D. L., Prentice-Dunn, S. & Rogers, R. W. (2000). A Meta-Analysis of Research on Protection Motivation Theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(2), 407–429.
  18. Hull, G., John, H. & Arief, B. (2019). Ransomware Deployment Methods and Analysis: Views from a Predictive Model and Human Responses. Crime Science, 8(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40163-019-0097-9
  19. Johnston, A. C. & Warkentin, M. (2010). Fear Appeals and Information Security Behaviors: An Empirical Study. MIS Quarterly, 34(3), 549–566.
  20. Kabanda, S., Tanner, M. & Kent, C. (2018). Exploring SME Cybersecurity Practices in Developing Countries. Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 28(3), 269–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/10919392.2018.1484598
  21. Kara, İ. (2019). İnterpol Fidye Yazılım Saldırısı ve Analizi. İleri Teknoloji Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(2), 117–128.
  22. Karaçırak, S. (2024). Kurumsal Siber Güvenliğe Yönelik Tehditler. Uluslararası Sosyoloji ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 7(5), 1100–1118. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14295734
  23. Kimpe, L. De, Walrave, M., Verdegem, P. & Ponnet, K. (2022). What We Think We Know About Cybersecurity: An Investigation of the Relationship Between Perceived Knowledge, Internet Trust, and Protection Motivation in a Cybercrime Context. Behaviour & Information Technology, 41(8), 1796–1808. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2021.1905066
  24. Kıymık, H. (2025). Dijital Çağda Muhasebe Güvenliği: Kişisel Verilerin Korunması Kanunu İhlallerinin Anatomisi. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, 107, 173–202. https://doi.org/10.25095/mufad.1642395
  25. Lella, I., Tsekmezoglou, E., Naydenov, R., Malatras, A., García, S., Valeros, V. & Gomaa, A. (2022). ENISA Threat Landscape for Ransomware Attacks. European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA). https://www.enisa.europa.eu
  26. Luuk, B., (Maria) Susanne, V. H. de G., Ellen, M. ter H., Ynze, V. H., Remco, S. & Eric Rutger, L. (2023). Protecting Your Business Against Ransomware Attacks? Explaining the Motivations of Entrepreneurs to Take Future Protective Measures Against Cybercrimes Using an Extended Protection Motivation Theory Model. Computers and Security, 127, 103099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2023.103099
  27. Metin, B., Özhan, F. G. & Wynn, M. (2024). Digitalization and Cybersecurity: Towards An Operational Framework. Electronics, 13(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13214226
  28. Metin, B., Duran, S., Telli, E., Mutlutürk, M. & Wynn, M. (2024). IT Risk Management: Towards A System for Enhancing Objectivity in Asset Valuation That Engenders a Security Culture. Information, 15(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.3390/info1501005
  29. Mohamed, B. H., Ari, I., Al-sada, M. S. & Koç, M. (2021). Strategizing Human Development for a Country in Transition from a Resource-Based to a Knowledge-Based Economy. Sustainability, 13, 1–27.
  30. Mutlutürk, M., Wynn, M. & Metin, B. (2024). Phishing and the Human Factor: Insights from a Bibliometric Analysis. Information, 15(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/info15100643
  31. Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
  32. Putra, F. P. E., Ubaidi, U., Zulfikri, A., Arifin, G. & Ilhamsyah, R. M. (2024). Analysis of Phishing Attack Trends, Impacts and Prevention Methods: Literature Study. Brilliance: Research of Artificial Intelligence, 4(1), 413–421. https://doi.org/10.47709/brilliance.v4i1.4357
  33. Rogers, R. W. (1975). A Protection Motivation Theory of Fear Appeals and Attitude Change. The Journal of Psychology, 91(1), 93–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803
  34. Rogers, R. W. (1983). Cognitive and Physiological Processes in Fear Appeals and Attitude Change: A Revised Theory of Protection Motivation. İçinde J. Cacioppo & R. Petty (Ed.), Social Psychophysiology. Guilford Press.
  35. Safa, N. S., Sookhak, M., Solms, R. von, Furnell, S., Abdul, N., Herawan, T., Elizabeth, P. & Africa, S. (2015). Information Security Conscious Care Behaviour Formation in Organizations. Computers & Security, 53, 65–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2015.05.012
  36. Snow, S., Happa, J., Horrocks, N. & Glencross, M. (2020). Using Design Thinking to Understand Cyber Attack Surfaces of Future Smart Grids. Frontiers in Energy Research, 8(October). https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2020.591999
  37. Teece, D. J., Pisano, G. & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management. Strategic Management Journal, 18, 509–533. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198781806.003.0019
  38. Thomas, J. E. (2018). Individual Cyber Security: Empowering Employees to Resist Spear Phishing to Prevent Identity Theft and Ransomware Attacks. International Journal of Business and Management, 13(6), 1. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v13n6p1
  39. Tsai, H. S., Jiang, M., Alhabash, S., LaRose, R., Rifon, N. J. & Cotten, S. R. (2016). Understanding Online Safety Behaviors: A Protection Motivation Theory Perspective. Computers & Security, 59, 138–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2016.02.009
  40. Ulusal Siber Olaylara Müdahale Merkezi. (2026, Ocak). USOM. https://www.usom.gov.tr/hakkimizda
  41. Vrhovec, S. & Mihelič, A. (2021). Redefining Threat Appraisals of Organizational Insiders and Exploring the Moderating Role of Fear in Cyberattack Protection Motivation. Computers and Security, 106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2021.102309
  42. Wilson, M., McDonald, S., Button, D. & McGarry, K. (2023). It Won’t Happen to Me: Surveying SME Attitudes to Cyber-Security. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 63(2), 397–409. https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2022.2067791
  43. World Economic Forum (WEF). (2024). Global Cybersecurity Outlook 2024. https://www.weforum.org/publications/global-cybersecurity-outlook-2024/
  44. Wynn, D., Salisbury, W. D. & Winemiller, M. (2024). Experiences and Lessons Learned at a Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise (SME) Following Two Ransomware Attacks. MIS Quarterly Executive, 23(4), 429–446. https://doi.org/10.17705/2msqe.00106
  45. Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2011). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  46. Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.