The Validity of the Tourism-induced EKC Hypothesis: The Case of Turkey

Objective & Hypothesis:This paper examines the existence of relationship between international tourist arrivals (TA), and Carbon dioxide emissions per capita (CO2) in Turkey over the period 1960-2015.

📊

Key Findings & Data:An increased tourism demand increases environmental pollution up to a point where the sector attains a certain development level, after which emissions begin to fall.

💡

Conclusion & Impact:On the other hand, the results indicate that the EKC hypothesis between income and CO2 emissions has not been confirmed.

🔬Design:Research Article

📍Scope:2015 Verileri

⚙️Variables:Tourism · EKC hypothesis · ARDL bounds testing to cointegration

Abstract

This paper examines the existence of relationship between international tourist arrivals (TA), and Carbon dioxide emissions per capita (CO2) in Turkey over the period 1960-2015. We also use energy use per capita (EU) and GDP per capita (GDP) as a control variables. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test approach was applied to analyze the long-run relationship among the variables. The results confirmed the validity of the tourism-induced Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. An increased tourism demand increases environmental pollution up to a point where the sector attains a certain development level, after which emissions begin to fall. On the other hand, the results indicate that the EKC hypothesis between income and CO2 emissions has not been confirmed. Energy usage has positive and significant effects on carbon dioxide emissions as expected. For sustainable tourism and to the reduction of emissions in Turkey, environmental protection and the use of renewable energy should be supported by policy makers.

Özet

This paper examines the existence of relationship between international tourist arrivals (TA), and Carbon dioxide emissions per capita (CO2) in Turkey over the period 1960-2015. We also use energy use per capita (EU) and GDP per capita (GDP) as a control variables. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test approach was applied to analyze the long-run relationship among the variables. The results confirmed the validity of the tourism-induced Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. An increased tourism demand increases environmental pollution up to a point where the sector attains a certain development level, after which emissions begin to fall. On the other hand, the results indicate that the EKC hypothesis between income and CO2 emissions has not been confirmed. Energy usage has positive and significant effects on carbon dioxide emissions as expected. For sustainable tourism and to the reduction of emissions in Turkey, environmental protection and the use of renewable energy should be supported by policy makers.

Keywords

Tourism EKC hypothesis ARDL bounds testing to cointegration Turkey Turkey.

🔖

Cite This Article

KILAVUZ, E., ORALHAN, B., SARIGÜL, S. S., ULUĞ, E. E. (2021). The Validity of the Tourism-induced EKC Hypothesis: The Case of Turkey. Uluslararası İşletme ve Ekonomi Çalışmaları Dergisi, Cilt: 3 - Sayı: 2, 124–138. https://ajindex.com/articles/817166

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

Open in New Tab ↗

↗New Tab

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (11)

Al-Mulali U. &Sheau-Ting, L. (2014). Econometric analysis of trade, exports, imports, energy sonsumption and CO2 emission in six regions, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 33, 484-498.
Al-Mulali, U., Ozturk, I., & Lean, H. H. (2015).
The Influence of Economic Growth, Urbanization, Trade Openness, Financial Fevelopment, and Renewable Energy on Pollution in Europe. Nat Hazards 79: 621-644. DOI: 10.1007/s11069-015-1865-9.
Azam, M., Alam, M., M. & Hafeez, M. H. (2018). Effect of Tourism on Environmental Pollution: Further Evidence from Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. Journal of Cleaner Production 190, 330-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.168.
Balli, E., Ciler Sigeze, C., Manga, M., Birdir, S., & Birdir, K. (2019).
The Relationship Between Tourism, CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth: A Case of Mediterranean Countries. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 24:3, 219-232, DOI: 10.1080/10941665.2018.1557717. Balsalobre-Lorente, D., Driha, O. M., Shahbaz, M., & Sinha, A. (2020). The Effects of Tourism and Globalization Over Environmental Degradation in Developed Countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 7130-7144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07372-4.
Becken, S.&Simmons, D.G. (2002). Understanding energy consumption patterns of tourist attractions and activities in New Zeland, Tourism Management, 23, 343-354.
Ben Jebli, M., Ben Youssef, S., & Apergis, N. (2019). The Dynamic Linkage Between Renewable Energy, Tourism, CO2 Emissions, Economic Growth, Foreign Direct Investment, and Trade. Latin American Economic Review 28, 2(2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40503-019-0063-7.
Ben Jebli, M., Ben Youssef, S., & Apergis, N. (2015). The Dynamic Interaction Between Combustible Renewables and Waste Consumption and International Tourism: The Case of Tunisia. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 22(16): 12050-61. Doi: 10.1007/s11356-015-4483-x. Chishti, M. Z., Ullah, S., & Ozturk, I.&Usman,Al. (2020). Examining The Asymmetric Effects of Globalization and Tourism on Pollution Emissions in South Asia. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 27721–27737 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09057-9.
Churkina, G. (2016). The Role of Urbanization in the Global Carbon Cycle. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2015.00144.
Crippa, M., Guizzardi, D., Muntean, M., Schaaf, E., Solazzo, E., Monforti-Ferrario, F., Olivier, J. G. J., & Vignati, E. (2020). Fossil CO2 Emissions of All World Countries- 2020 Report. Publications Office