SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Uluslararası İşletme ve Ekonomi Çalışmaları Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Is impulsive buying the missing link? Family financial socialization and financial well-being among young adults in Türkiye

Mehmet Ali Paylan(BİLECİK ŞEYH EDEBALİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ, OSMANELİ MESLEK YÜKSEKOKULU)0000-0002-6739-2649
Pages
—
Publication Date
2026-10-29
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Results indicate that family financial socialization is negatively related to cognitive but not affective impulsive buying, while in the main model only affective impulsive buying is significantly and negatively related to financial well-being; no indirect associations were supported in the main model.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study aims to examine the factors determining the financial well-being of university students in Türkiye within the frameworks of social learning theory and family financial socialization theory.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Data collected via a survey through the YOUREPLY platform from 395 participants selected from the population using convenience sampling were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM, SmartPLS 4).
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Results indicate that family financial socialization is negatively related to cognitive but not affective impulsive buying, while in the main model only affective impulsive buying is significantly and negatively related to financial well-being; no indirect associations were supported in the main model.
🔬Design:Survey & Empirical Study
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Family financial socialization · Cognitive impulsive buying · Affective impulsive buying

Abstract

This study aims to examine the factors determining the financial well-being of university students in Türkiye within the frameworks of social learning theory and family financial socialization theory. Data collected via a survey through the YOUREPLY platform from 395 participants selected from the population using convenience sampling were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM, SmartPLS 4). Results indicate that family financial socialization is negatively related to cognitive but not affective impulsive buying, while in the main model only affective impulsive buying is significantly and negatively related to financial well-being; no indirect associations were supported in the main model. Unexpectedly, family financial socialization is negatively related to financial well-being. This pattern is primarily driven by the family financial distress dimension (β = −.463), whereas instructing money management is positively related to financial well-being (β = .191). When the five dimensions are modelled separately, cognitive impulsive buying is also positively related to financial well-being (β = .219), and one dimension-level indirect association is significant (stressing on savings → cognitive impulsive buying → financial well-being), although its sign runs opposite to the hypothesized mechanism. These results indicate that the aggregate construct masks both positive and negative dimension-level associations. To sum up, these findings point to a family financial socialization boundary condition: specific kinds of guidance behaviors are associated with more deliberative purchasing and, for money-management guidance, with greater well-being. Perceived financial well-being is largely influenced by the financial circumstances of the family, and by non-family factors such as digital marketing stimuli and the macro-financial environment of an emerging market.

Özet

This study aims to examine the factors determining the financial well-being of university students in Türkiye within the frameworks of social learning theory and family financial socialization theory. Data collected via a survey through the YOUREPLY platform from 395 participants selected from the population using convenience sampling were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM, SmartPLS 4). Results indicate that family financial socialization is negatively related to cognitive but not affective impulsive buying, while in the main model only affective impulsive buying is significantly and negatively related to financial well-being; no indirect associations were supported in the main model. Unexpectedly, family financial socialization is negatively related to financial well-being. This pattern is primarily driven by the family financial distress dimension (β = −.463), whereas instructing money management is positively related to financial well-being (β = .191). When the five dimensions are modelled separately, cognitive impulsive buying is also positively related to financial well-being (β = .219), and one dimension-level indirect association is significant (stressing on savings → cognitive impulsive buying → financial well-being), although its sign runs opposite to the hypothesized mechanism. These results indicate that the aggregate construct masks both positive and negative dimension-level associations. To sum up, these findings point to a family financial socialization boundary condition: specific kinds of guidance behaviors are associated with more deliberative purchasing and, for money-management guidance, with greater well-being. Perceived financial well-being is largely influenced by the financial circumstances of the family, and by non-family factors such as digital marketing stimuli and the macro-financial environment of an emerging market.

🔖

Cite This Article

Paylan, M. A. (2026). Is impulsive buying the missing link? Family financial socialization and financial well-being among young adults in Türkiye. Uluslararası İşletme ve Ekonomi Çalışmaları Dergisi, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2. https://doi.org/10.54821/bes.1910603

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (97)

  1. Abdul Ghafoor, K., & Akhtar, M. (2024). Parents’ financial socialization or socioeconomic characteristics: Which has more influence on Gen-Z’s financial wellbeing?. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03007-3
  2. Abrantes-Braga, F. D. M., & Veludo-de-Oliveira, T. (2019). Development and validation of financial well-being related scales. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 37(4), 1025-1040. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-03-2018-0074
  3. Achtziger, A., Hubert, M., Kenning, P., Raab, G., & Reisch, L. A. (2015). Debt out of control: The links between self-control, compulsive buying, and real debts. Journal of Economic Psychology, 49, 141-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2015.04.003
  4. Akhtar, F., Akhtar, S., & Laeeq, M. (2025). Evolution of robo-advisors: A literature review and future research agenda. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 49(6), e70131. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.70131
  5. Amos, C., Holmes, G. R., & Keneson, W. C. (2014). A meta-analysis of consumer impulse buying. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 21(2), 86-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2013.11.004
  6. Arenas-Parra, M., Rico-Pérez, H., & Quiroga-Garcia, R. (2024). The emerging field of robo advisor: A relational analysis. Heliyon, 10(16), e35946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35946
  7. Aziz, S., Khan, I. U., Alomair, A., & Naim, A. S. A. (2025). The nexus of financial socialization, financial literacy, financial capability and financial well-being: Women’s perspective with structural equation modeling approach. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 12. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-05894-6
  8. Bagozzi, R. P., Yi, Y., & Phillips, L. W. (1991). Assessing construct validity in organizational research. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36(3), 421-458. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393203
  9. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Available at: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1985-98423-000
  10. Beatty, S. E., & Ferrell, M. E. (1998). Impulse buying: Modeling its precursors. Journal of Retailing, 74(2), 169-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4359(99)80092-X
  11. Beikverdi, L., Sipilä, J., & Tarkiainen, A. (2024). Post-purchase effects of impulse buying: A review and research agenda. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 23(3), 1512-1527. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.2287
  12. Bhardwaj, S., Chopra, R., & Aw, E. C.-X. (2026). From whims to wallets: Navigating the maze of how technology impacts impulsive buying behavior – A systematic literature review. Internet Research, Advance online publication 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/INTR-09-2024-1430
  13. Brüggen, E. C., Hogreve, J., Holmlund, M., Kabadayi, S., & Löfgren, M. (2017). Financial well-being: A conceptualization and research agenda. Journal of Business Research, 79, 228-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.03.013
  14. Cao, D., Meadows, M., & Ma, X. (2024). Thinking fast and slow: A revised SOR model for an empirical examination of impulse buying at a luxury fashion outlet. European Journal of Marketing, 58(1), 342-368. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-01-2022-0046
  15. Cao, X., De Zwaan, L., & Wong, V. (2026). Building trust in robo-advisory: Technology, firm-specific and system trust. Qualitative Research in Financial Markets, 18(2), 408-428. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRFM-02-2024-0033
  16. Chawla, D., Bhatia, S., & Singh, S. (2022). Parental influence, financial literacy and investment behaviour of young adults. Journal of Indian Business Research, 14(4), 520-539. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIBR-10-2021-0357
  17. Chen, C., Chih, M., & Nguyen, D. T. T. (2026). Emotional vs rational pathways in food micro-influencer marketing: A dual-system perspective on impulse buying. British Food Journal, 128(4), 1555-1584. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-05-2025-0700
  18. Cho, S. H., Gutter, M., Kim, J., & Mauldin, T. (2012). The effect of socialization and information source on financial management behaviors among low- and moderate-income adults. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 40(4), 417-430. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-3934.2012.02120.x
  19. Chowa, G. A. N., & Despard, M. R. (2014). The influence of parental financial socialization on youth’s financial behavior: Evidence from Ghana. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 35(3), 376-389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-013-9377-9
  20. Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155-159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
  21. Danes, S. M. (1994). Parental perceptions of children’s financial socialization. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 5, 127-149.
  22. Deenanath, V., Danes, S. M., & Jang, J. (2019). Purposive and unintentional family financial socialization, subjective financial knowledge, and financial behavior of high school students. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 30(1), 83-96. https://doi.org/10.1891/1052-3073.30.1.83
  23. Figà-Talamanca, G., Musile Tanzi, P., & D’Urzo, E. (2022). Robo-advisor acceptance: Do gender and generation matter? PloS One, 17(6), e0269454. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269454
  24. Fornell, C., & Bookstein, F. L. (1982). Two structural equation models: LISREL and PLS applied to consumer exit-voice theory. Journal of Marketing Research, 19(4), 440-452. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378201900406
  25. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
  26. Franke, G., & Sarstedt, M. (2019). Heuristics versus statistics in discriminant validity testing: A comparison of four procedures. Internet Research, 29(3), 430-447. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-12-2017-0515
  27. Fuller, C. M., Simmering, M. J., Atinc, G., Atinc, Y., & Babin, B. J. (2016). Common methods variance detection in business research. Journal of Business Research, 69(8), 3192-3198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.12.008
  28. Gudmunson, C. G., & Danes, S. M. (2011). Family financial socialization: Theory and critical review. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 32(4), 644-667. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-011-9275-y
  29. Gutter, M., & Copur, Z. (2011). Financial behaviors and financial well-being of college students: Evidence from a national survey. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 32(4), 699-714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-011-9255-2
  30. Gutter, M. S., Garrison, S., & Copur, Z. (2010). Social learning opportunities and the financial behaviors of college students. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 38(4), 387-404. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-3934.2010.00034.x
  31. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis. (7th ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education.
  32. Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
  33. Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
  34. Hampson, D. P., Grimes, A., Banister, E., & McGoldrick, P. J. (2018). A typology of consumers based on money attitudes after major recession. Journal of Business Research, 91, 159-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.06.011
  35. Henseler, J., Hubona, G., & Ray, P. A. (2016). Using PLS path modeling in new technology research: Updated guidelines. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 116(1), 2-20. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-09-2015-0382
  36. Hou, C. (2026). Driving impulsive purchases and building loyalty: The power of experiential marketing in fast fashion apps. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal, 30(1), 20-48. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFMM-08-2024-0309
  37. Iyer, G. R., Blut, M., Xiao, S. H., & Grewal, D. (2020). Impulse buying: A meta-analytic review. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 48(3), 384-404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-019-00670-w
  38. Jalees, T., Khan, S., Zaman, S. I., & Miao, M. (2024). The effect of religiosity, materialism and self-esteem on compulsive and impulsive buying behavior. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 15(11), 2697-2731. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-03-2022-0078
  39. Jordan, P. J., & Troth, A. C. (2020). Common method bias in applied settings: The dilemma of researching in organizations. Australian Journal of Management, 45(1), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0312896219871976
  40. Jorgensen, B. L., & Savla, J. (2010). Financial literacy of young adults: The importance of parental socialization. Family Relations, 59(4), 465-478. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2010.00616.x
  41. Kock, N. (2015). Common method bias in PLS-SEM: A full collinearity assessment approach. International Journal of e-Collaboration, 11(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2015100101
  42. Kock, N., & Hadaya, P. (2018). Minimum sample size estimation in PLS-SEM: The inverse square root and gamma-exponential methods. Information Systems Journal, 28(1), 227-261. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12131
  43. Lai, C.-W. (2010). How financial attitudes and practices influence the impulsive buying behavior of college and university students. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 38(3), 373-380. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2010.38.3.373
  44. Lanz, M., Sorgente, A., & Danes, S. M. (2020). Implicit family financial socialization and emerging adults’ financial well-being: A multi-informant approach. Emerging Adulthood, 8(6), 443-452. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696819876752
  45. LeBaron, A. B., Hill, E. J., Rosa, C. M., & Marks, L. D. (2018). Whats and hows of family financial socialization: Retrospective reports of emerging adults, parents, and grandparents. Family Relations, 67(4), 497-509. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12335
  46. LeBaron, A. B., & Kelley, H. H. (2021). Financial socialization: A decade in review. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 42(Suppl.1), 195-206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-020-09736-2
  47. LeBaron, A. B., Marks, L. D., Rosa, C. M., & Hill, E. J. (2020). Can we talk about money? Financial socialization through parent–child financial discussion. Emerging Adulthood, 8(6), 453-463. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696820902673
  48. LeBaron, A. B., Runyan, S. D., Jorgensen, B. L., Marks, L. D., Li, X., & Hill, E. J. (2019). Practice makes perfect: Experiential learning as a method for financial socialization. Journal of Family Issues, 40(4), 435-463. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X18812917
  49. LeBaron-Black, A. B., Curran, M. A., Hill, E. J., Toomey, R. B., Speirs, K. E., & Freeh, M. E. (2023). Talk is cheap: Parent financial socialization and emerging adult financial well-being. Family Relations, 72(3), 1201-1219. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12751
  50. Lee, J. M., Lee, J., & Kim, K. T. (2020). Consumer financial well-being: Knowledge is not enough. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 41(2), 218-228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-019-09649-9
  51. Li, M., & Deng, R. (2025). Consumer impulse buying behavior in the evolving marketplace: An integrated quantitative and qualitative approach. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 89, 104586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2025.104586
  52. Mandolfo, M., & Lamberti, L. (2021). Past, present, and future of impulse buying research methods: A systematic literature review. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 687404. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.687404
  53. Nanda, A. P., & Banerjee, R. (2021). Consumer’s subjective financial well-being: A systematic review and research agenda. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 45(4), 750-776. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12668
  54. Netemeyer, R. G., Warmath, D., Fernandes, D., & Lynch, J. G., Jr. (2018). How am I doing? Perceived financial well-being, its potential antecedents, and its relation to overall well-being. Journal of Consumer Research, 45(1), 68-89. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucx109
  55. Nghia, H. T., Olsen, S. O., & Trang, N. T. M. (2022). A dual process on shopping well-being across shopping contexts: The role of shopping values and impulse buying. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 34(3), 594-610. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-09-2020-0668
  56. Nguyen, T. H. N., Tran, N. K. H., Do, K., & Tran, V. D. (2024). The role of product visual appeal and sale promotion program on consumer impulsive buying behavior. Emerging Science Journal, 8(1), 297-309. https://doi.org/10.28991/esj-2024-08-01-021
  57. Nusir, O. M., Wel, C. A. C., Hamid, S. N. A., Al-Zoubi, L., & Al-Adwan, A. S. (2026). The psychology of BNPL: A systematic review of impulsive buying and post-purchase regret (2018–2025). Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 21(2), 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer21020043
  58. Oehler, A., Horn, M., & Wendt, S. (2022). Investor characteristics and their impact on the decision to use a robo-advisor. Journal of Financial Services Research, 62, 91-125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10693-021-00367-8
  59. Pahlevan Sharif, S., & Naghavi, N. (2020). Family financial socialization, financial information seeking behavior and financial literacy among youth. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 12(2), 163-181. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-09-2019-0196
  60. Pak, T.-Y., Fan, L., & Chatterjee, S. (2024). Financial socialization and financial well-being in early adulthood: The mediating role of financial capability. Family Relations, 73(3), 1664-1685. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12959
  61. Paylan, M. A., & Kavas, Y. B. (2020). A study in the COVID-19 process on determining the moderated mediation effect of consumer confidence between perceived financial well-being, prosocial consumer ethnocentrism tendencies and domestic product purchase behaviour. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 19(COVID-19 Special Issue), 398-412. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.779471
  62. Paylan, M. A., Yoldaş Ilktaç, H., Kavas, Y. B., & Bora Semiz, B. (2025). Determinants of financial wellbeing: Body mass index, emotional eating and compulsive buying. Studies in Economics and Finance, 42(5), 979-1000. https://doi.org/10.1108/SEF-01-2024-0055
  63. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
  64. Qureshi, F. H., Sokić, K., & Khawaja, S. (2025). Impulsive buying tendencies and personality: Cognitive and affective aspects. Psychiatry International, 6(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint6010005
  65. Redine, A., Deshpande, S., Jebarajakirthy, C., & Surachartkumtonkun, J. (2023). Impulse buying: A systematic literature review and future research directions. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 47(1), 3-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12862
  66. Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Becker, J.-M. (2024). SmartPLS 4 [Computer software]. SmartPLS GmbH.
  67. Rook, D. W. (1987). The buying impulse. Journal of Consumer Research, 14(2), 189-199. https://doi.org/10.1086/209105
  68. Sang, T. M. (2026). Determinants of financial well-being: The roles of family financial socialization, financial literacy, financial inclusion, and propensity to plan. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 31(16). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41264-026-00349-8
  69. Santini, F. de O., Ladeira, W. J., Vieira, V. A., Araujo, C. F., & Sampaio, C. H. (2019). Antecedents and consequences of impulse buying: A meta-analytic study. RAUSP Management Journal, 54(2), 178-204. https://doi.org/10.1108/RAUSP-07-2018-0037
  70. Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Cheah, J.-H., Becker, J.-M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). How to specify, estimate, and validate higher-order constructs in PLS-SEM. Australasian Marketing Journal, 27(3), 197-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2019.05.003
  71. Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Hair, J. F. (2022). Partial least squares structural equation modeling. In C. Homburg, M. Klarmann, & A. Vomberg. (Eds.). Handbook of Market Research (pp. 587-632). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57413-4_15
  72. Serido, J., Curran, M. A., Wilmarth, M., Ahn, S. Y., Shim, S., & Ballard, J. (2015). The unique role of parents and romantic partners on college students’ financial attitudes and behaviors. Family Relations, 64(5), 696-710. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12164
  73. Sharma, V., Kumar, R., Jain, J., & Ahuja, P. (2026). Mapping the literature on financial satisfaction: A systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis. Qualitative Research in Financial Markets, 18(1), 105-138. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRFM-05-2024-0124
  74. Sharma, V., Kumar, R., & Sood, K. (2025). The influence of financial socialization, financial self-efficacy, and self-control on financial well-being: Does personal financial management behavior mediate the relationship? Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 16(6), 18206-18236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-025-02623-x
  75. She, L., Waheed, H., Lim, W. M., & E-Vahdati, S. (2023). Young adults’ financial well-being: Current insights and future directions. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 41(2), 333-368. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-04-2022-0147
  76. Shim, S., Barber, B. L., Card, N. A., Xiao, J. J., & Serido, J. (2010). Financial socialization of first-year college students: The roles of parents, work, and education. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(12), 1457-1470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9432-x
  77. Shmueli, G., Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Cheah, J.-H., Ting, H., Vaithilingam, S., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). Predictive model assessment in PLS-SEM: Guidelines for using PLSpredict. European Journal of Marketing, 53(11), 2322-2347. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-02-2019-0189
  78. Silvera, D. H., Lavack, A. M., & Kropp, F. (2008). Impulse buying: The role of affect, social influence, and subjective wellbeing. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 25(1), 23-33. https://doi.org/10.1108/07363760810845381
  79. Sirsch, U., Zupančič, M., Poredoš, M., Levec, K., & Friedlmeier, M. (2020). Does parental financial socialization for emerging adults matter? The case of Austrian and Slovene first-year university students. Emerging Adulthood, 8(6), 509-520. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696819882178
  80. Sofi, S. A., Mir, F. A., & Baba, M. M. (2020). Cognition and affect in consumer decision making: Conceptualization and validation of added constructs in modified instrument. Future Business Journal, 6, 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-020-00036-7
  81. Sorgente, A., Serido, J., Lanz, M., & Shim, S. (2024). Family financial socialization during emerging adulthood: Insights from a cross-lagged panel model. Journal of Family Psychology, 38(1), 161-173. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0001139
  82. Strömbäck, C., Lind, T., Skagerlund, K., Västfjäll, D., & Tinghög, G. (2017). Does self-control predict financial behavior and financial well-being? Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 14, 30-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbef.2017.04.002
  83. Turkish Statistical Institute (TÜİK). (2025). Youth in statistics, 2024. Bulletin No. 54077. Available at: https://veriportali.tuik.gov.tr/tr/press/54077
  84. Ullah, S., & Yusheng, K. (2020). Financial socialization, childhood experiences and financial well-being: The mediating role of locus of control. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2162. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02162
  85. United Nations. (1981). International youth year: Participation, development, peace. Secretary-General’s Report to the General Assembly, A/36/215. Available at: https://docs.un.org/en/A/36/215
  86. Verplanken, B., & Herabadi, A. (2001). Individual differences in impulse buying tendency: Feeling and no thinking. European Journal of Personality, 15(S1), S71-S83. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.423
  87. Verplanken, B., & Sato, A. (2011). The psychology of impulse buying: An integrative self-regulation approach. Journal of Consumer Policy, 34(2), 197-210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10603-011-9158-5
  88. Vosylis, R., & Erentaitė, R. (2020). Linking family financial socialization with its proximal and distal outcomes: Which socialization dimensions matter most for emerging adults’ financial identity, financial behaviors, and financial anxiety? Emerging Adulthood, 8(6), 464-475. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696819856763
  89. Xiao, S. H., & Nicholson, M. (2013). A multidisciplinary cognitive behavioural framework of impulse buying: A systematic review of the literature. International Journal of Management Reviews, 15(3), 333-356. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2012.00345.x
  90. Yi, T. Z., Rom, N. A. M., Hassan, N. M., Samsurijan, M. S., & Ebekozien, A. (2023). The adoption of robo-advisory among millennials in the 21st century: Trust, usability and knowledge perception. Sustainability, 15(7), 6016. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076016
  91. You, L., Hou, D., & Ali, S. (2022). Impact of online convenience on generation Z online impulsive buying behavior: The moderating role of social media celebrity. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 951249. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.951249
  92. Yu, Y. (2022). Effects of negative emotions and cognitive characteristics on impulse buying during COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 848256. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.848256
  93. The Council of Higher Education (YÖK). (2025). Higher education statistics: 2024-2025 academic year. Available at: https://istatistik.yok.gov.tr
  94. Zainol, Z., Omar, N. A., Zainol, Z., Mohd Shokory, S., & Abas, B. (2022). The effect of spending distribution on financial well-being among young working women. Journal of Distribution Science, 20(11), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.15722/jds.20.11.202211.1
  95. Zhang, Y., Qi, J., & Chatterjee, S. (2024). Exploring the role of help-seeking behavior, family financial socialization, and capability on financial well-being. Family Relations, 73(5), 3054-3072. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.13089
  96. Zhao, H., & Zhang, L. (2020). Talking money at home: The value of family financial socialization. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 38(7), 1617-1634. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-04-2020-0174
  97. Zhao, X., Lynch, J. G., Jr., & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 197-206. https://doi.org/10.1086/651257