Journals / Toplum ve Hekim / 2012 / Cilt: 27 - Sayı: 1

Novel approaches on vaccine research and development

Aşı araştırma ve geliştirme alanında yeni yaklaşımlar

Pages
41–52
DOI
—
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Synthetic genomics, on the other hand, offers a future by paving way to the chemical synthesis of genetic material for the creation of novel antigens, reduction in cost for protein engineering and structural analyses.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:The development of ''first generation'' vaccines was essentially based on the basic principles of Louis Pasteur who refined Edward Jenner's 1796 cowpox experiment in the 19th century and relied on using inactivated pathogens in whole or live attenuated forms.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The late 1990s marked the beginning of the so-called genomics era and the rise of bioinformatics.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Synthetic genomics, on the other hand, offers a future by paving way to the chemical synthesis of genetic material for the creation of novel antigens, reduction in cost for protein engineering and structural analyses.
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Domain Parameters

Abstract

The development of ''first generation'' vaccines was essentially based on the basic principles of Louis Pasteur who refined Edward Jenner's 1796 cowpox experiment in the 19th century and relied on using inactivated pathogens in whole or live attenuated forms. The ''second generation'' subunit vaccines made up of purified microbial cell components which were greatly benefited from polysaccharide chemistry, recombinant DNA technology as well as advances in the use of novel adjuvants were more refined and much safer. Though these first and second generation vaccines were pivotal in controlling or eradicating many deadly diseases for more than two centuries, their empiric methods of design cannot be applied to microbes that are noncultivable in vitro, often fail to provide widely protective vaccines for antigenically hypervariable pathogens, besides being very slow leading to years or even decades of research, especially to address rapidly evolving pathogens. The late 1990s marked the beginning of the so-called genomics era and the rise of bioinformatics. Since then, "-omics" science and technologies were rationally and rapidly integrated to the field of vaccinology, leading primarily to the birth of pan-genomic reverse vaccinology approach and resulting in ''third generation'' of vaccines, including the universal ones. Synthetic genomics, on the other hand, offers a future by paving way to the chemical synthesis of genetic material for the creation of novel antigens, reduction in cost for protein engineering and structural analyses.

Özet

Edward Jener'in 1796'daki cowpox deneyiminden sonra 19. yüzyılda Louis Pasteur' ün temel prensiplerine dayanan "birinci jenerasyon" aşıların gelişimi, patojenlerin inaktif veya zayıflatılmış canlı formları olarak kullanılmalarını temel almıştır. "İkinci generasyon" altünite aşılar ise saflaştırılmış mikrobiyal hücre komponentlerinden yapılmıştır. Bunlar, polisakkarid kimyası, rekombinant DNA teknolojisi ve yeni adjuvantlardan yararlanarak daha saf ve güvenilir olmuşlardır. Bu birinci ve ikinci jenerasyon aşılar iki yüz yılı aşkın bir süredir pek çok ölümcül hastalığın kontrol altına alınması veya eradike edilmesinde esas ekseni oluşturmakla birlikte, dayandıkları ampirik dizayn metodları kültürü yapılamayan mikroplara uygulanamamakta, antijenik olarak çok değişken patojenler için genellikle koruyucu aşılar yapmakta başarısız kalmakta ve daha da önemlisi yıllara ve hatta onlarca yıla yayılan araştırma süreçleri gerektirdiklerinden özellikle hızla evrimleşen patojenler için yetersiz kalmaktadırlar. 1990'lı yılların sonları genomik çağının başlangıcına ve biyoinformatiğin yükselişine damgasını vurmuş ve sonraki yıllarda "-omics" bilimi ve teknolojileri rasyonel ve hızlı biçimde aşı bilimi alanına entegre olmuştur. Bu, pan-genomik ters aşı biliminin ("reverse vaccinology") doğmasına ve bunun sonucu olarak "üçüncü jenerasyon" aşıların gelişimine neden olmuştur. Diğer yandan, sentetik genomik alanının, yeni antijenlerin yaratılması, protein mühendisliği ve yapısal analizlerin maliyetinin azaltılması yönündeki potansiyeli ile aşı bilimi için parlak bir gelecek sunacağı öngörülmektedir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Özcengiz, E., ÖZCENGİZ, G. (2012). Novel approaches on vaccine research and development. Toplum ve Hekim, Cilt: 27 - Sayı: 1, 41–52. https://ajindex.com/articles/367559

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (10)

  1. Altındiş, E., Tefon, B.E, Yıldırım, V. Özcenglz, E., Becher, D., Hecker, M., Özcengiz, G. (2009). Ijtnmunoproteomic analysis of Bordetella pertussis and identification of new immunogenic proteins. Vaccine. 27:542-548.
  2. Ariel N., Zvi A., Makarava K.S., Chitiaru T., Elhanany E., Velan B. ve ark. (2003). Genome-based bioinformatic selection of chromosomal Bacillus anthracis putative vaccine candidates coupled with proteomic identification of surface-associated antigens. Infect. Immun.71:4563-4579.
  3. Backert Sv KwokT., Schmid M., Selbach M., Moese S., Peek R. ve ark. (2005). Subproteomes of soluble and structure-bound Helicobacter pylori proteins analyzed by two dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Proteomics. 5:1331-1345.
  4. Bagnoli F., Baudner B., Mishra R.P.N., Bartolini E., Fiaschi L., Mariottî P. ve ark. (2011). Designing the next generation of vaccines for global public health. Omics J. Integ. Biol. 15: 545-566.
  5. Bambini S. ve Rappuoli R. (2009). The use of genomics in microbial vaccine development Drug Discov. Today. 14:252-260.
  6. Bunk S., Susnea I., Rupp J., Summersgill J.T., Maass M., Stegmann W., ve ark. (2008). Immunoproteomic identification and serological responses to novel Chlamydia pneumoniae antigens that are associated with persistent C. pneumoniae infections. J. Immunol. 180:5490-5498.
  7. Cafaro A., Macchia I., Maggiorella M.T., Titti F., Ensoli B. (2009) Innovative approaches to develop prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against HIV/ AIDS. In Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Chapter 14, pp.189-242), Guzman C.A. and Feuerstein G.Z. (Eds)., Landes Bioscience and Springer Bioscience, 2009. Conference Report, (2010). Report of the Fourth Meeting on 'Influenza vaccines that induce broad spectrum and long-lasting immune response'(World Health Organization and Wellcome Trust, Londan, United Kingdom, 9-10 November 2009). Vaccine, 28:3875-3882.
  8. Dormitzer P.R., Ulmer J.B., Rappuoli R. (2008). Structure-based antigen design: a strategy for next generation vaccines. Trends Biotechnol. 26:659-667.
  9. Fleischmann R.D., MD Adams, M.D., White, O, Clayton, R.A., Kirkness, E.F., Kerlavage, A.R., Bult, C:]., Tomb, J.F., Dougherty, B.A., Merrick, J.M. ve ark. (1995). Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd. Science. 269:496-512.
  10. Gao F., Robertson D.L., Carruthers C.D., Li Y., Bailes E., Kostrikis L.G. ve ark. (1998). An isolate of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 originally classified as subtype 1 representsa complex mosai