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Journals / Akıllı Ulaşım Sistemleri ve Uygulamaları Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

The Effect of Park and Ride System on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Transportation to Nature Tourism Areas: Borçka Karagöl Nature Park

Doğa Turizm Alanlarına Ulaşımda Park Et-Devam Et Sisteminin Sera Gazı Emisyonuna Etkisi: Borçka Karagöl Tabiat Parkı

Cuma Kara(ARTVİN ÇORUH ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-2905-4515
Pages
135–151
Publication Date
2026-10-27
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The findings indicate that visitor demand is highly concentrated during the summer months, during which private vehicle use becomes predominant.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:The increasing demand for nature-based tourism has led to growing environmental pressures in protected nature park areas, primarily due to traffic congestion, fuel consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions associated with private vehicle use.
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Key Findings & Data:This situation has become a significant management challenge, particularly in nature parks characterized by topographical and physical constraints, where ecological carrying capacity is limited.
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Conclusion & Impact:The findings indicate that visitor demand is highly concentrated during the summer months, during which private vehicle use becomes predominant.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:2023–2025 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Park Et-Devam Et · Karbon Ayak İzi · Borçka Karagöl

Abstract

The increasing demand for nature-based tourism has led to growing environmental pressures in protected nature park areas, primarily due to traffic congestion, fuel consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions associated with private vehicle use. This situation has become a significant management challenge, particularly in nature parks characterized by topographical and physical constraints, where ecological carrying capacity is limited. This study comparatively examines the environmental and economic impacts of the existing private vehicle–dominated access model and Park and Ride (P+R) systems used for access to Borçka Karagöl Nature Park, located within the boundaries of Artvin Province, Türkiye. The analyses were conducted using actual visitor entry data from the 2023–2025 period. The current situation (CS) and several P+R scenarios with different passenger occupancy rates were modeled. Transport-related fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions were calculated based on the IPCC Tier 1 methodology. The findings indicate that visitor demand is highly concentrated during the summer months, during which private vehicle use becomes predominant. According to the scenario results, the P+R_15 model, in which visitors are transported by minibuses with a capacity of 15 passengers, reduces total CO₂ equivalent (CO₂e) emissions by approximately 66% compared to the current situation. In addition, this scenario provides savings of more than 60% in fuel consumption and annual fuel costs. Overall, the results demonstrate that P+R systems offer an effective and feasible sustainable transport strategy for reducing transport-related environmental pressures and economic costs in protected areas.

Özet

Doğa turizmine yönelik ziyaretçi talebindeki artış, korunan tabiat park alanlarda bireysel araç kullanımına bağlı trafik yoğunluğu, yakıt tüketimi ve sera gazı emisyonu gibi çevresel baskıları artırmaktadır. Bu durum, özellikle topoğrafik ve fiziksel kısıtları bulunan tabiat parklarında ekolojik taşıma kapasitesini zorlayan önemli bir yönetim sorunu hâline gelmiştir. Bu çalışma, Artvin ili sınırları içerisinde yer alan Borçka Karagöl Tabiat Parkı’na erişimde kullanılan mevcut bireysel araç ağırlıklı ulaşım modeli ile Park Et–Devam Et (P+D) sistemlerinin çevresel ve ekonomik etkilerini karşılaştırmalı olarak incelemektedir. Analizler, 2023–2025 yıllarına ait gerçek ziyaretçi giriş verileri kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Mevcut durum (MD) ile farklı yolcu doluluk oranlarına sahip P+D senaryoları modellenmiş; ulaşım kaynaklı yakıt tüketimi ve sera gazı emisyonları IPCC Tier 1 yöntemi temel alınarak hesaplanmıştır. Bulgular, ziyaretçi talebinin yaz aylarında belirgin biçimde yoğunlaştığını ve bu dönemde bireysel araç kullanımının baskın olduğunu göstermektedir. Senaryo sonuçlarına göre, ziyaretçilerin 15 kişilik doluluk oranına sahip minibüslerle taşındığı P+D_15 modeli, mevcut duruma kıyasla toplam CO₂ eşdeğeri emisyonlarını (CO2e) yaklaşık %66 oranında azaltmaktadır. Aynı senaryo kapsamında yakıt tüketimi ve yıllık yakıt maliyetlerinde %60’ın üzerinde tasarruf sağlandığı belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, P+D sistemlerinin, korunan alanlarda ulaşım kaynaklı çevresel baskıyı ve ekonomik maliyetleri azaltan etkili ve uygulanabilir bir sürdürülebilir ulaşım stratejisi sunduğu ortaya konmuştur.

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Cite This Article

Kara, C. (2026). The Effect of Park and Ride System on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Transportation to Nature Tourism Areas: Borçka Karagöl Nature Park. Akıllı Ulaşım Sistemleri ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 135–151. https://doi.org/10.51513/jitsa.1868313

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