Journals / Tetkik / 2026 / Sayı: 10

Microaggressions: The Invisible Challenges of International Students in Turkish Higher Education

Mikroagresyonlar: Türkiye’de Uluslararası Öğrencilerin Görünmeyen Zorlukları

Journal
Tetkik
Pages
885–917
Publication Date
2026-09-30
DOI
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The findings reveal eight thematic forms of microaggression: attribution of underdevelopment and poverty, criminalization, symbolic exclusion through the foreigner label, academic bias, identity reductionism, racial objectification and physical boundary violation, social and institutional exclusion, and stereotypical jokes.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:Microaggressions, subtle and often unintentional expressions or behaviors that communicate discriminatory or denigrating messages, can have profound psychological, social, and academic consequences for those who experience them.
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Key Findings & Data:Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 20 international students recruited via snowball sampling and analyzed using inductive thematic analysis following Braun and Clarke’s six-phase framework.
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Conclusion & Impact:The findings reveal eight thematic forms of microaggression: attribution of underdevelopment and poverty, criminalization, symbolic exclusion through the foreigner label, academic bias, identity reductionism, racial objectification and physical boundary violation, social and institutional exclusion, and stereotypical jokes.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Din Sosyolojisi · Din Psikolojisi · Mikroagresyon

Abstract

Microaggressions, subtle and often unintentional expressions or behaviors that communicate discriminatory or denigrating messages, can have profound psychological, social, and academic consequences for those who experience them. As overt forms of discrimination have become less socially sanctioned, prejudice increasingly manifests through these covert everyday interactions. Although Türkiye has emerged as a rapidly growing destination for international students in higher education, the microaggressive dynamics these students encounter in academic and social life, along with their psychological and social effects, remain underexamined. Existing research conducted in Türkiye documents microaggressive behaviors but lacks theoretical frameworks that situate these experiences within intersectional identity dynamics. This study aims to address that gap. It investigates the types of microaggressions experienced by international students enrolled at a state university in a mid-sized city and the psychological, social, and academic effects of those experiences. Situated within a social constructivist and interpretive paradigm, the study employed an exploratory case study design. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 20 international students recruited via snowball sampling and analyzed using inductive thematic analysis following Braun and Clarke’s six-phase framework. Crenshaw’s intersectional framework served as a framework, attending to how race, ethnicity, language, religion, and migration status collectively shape microaggression experiences. The findings reveal eight thematic forms of microaggression: attribution of underdevelopment and poverty, criminalization, symbolic exclusion through the foreigner label, academic bias, identity reductionism, racial objectification and physical boundary violation, social and institutional exclusion, and stereotypical jokes. These experiences produced four categories of adverse effects: emotional withdrawal and isolation, self-doubt and diminished self-esteem, identity crisis, and frustration, anger, and burnout. The study contributes to the microaggression literature by relating these forms to established categories and by specifying how the mechanisms those typologies describe operate in a setting where racial categories are less institutionalized in public language than in the contexts in which that literature was developed.

Özet

Mikroagresyonlar, kasıtsız ya da örtük ayrımcılığı içeren söylem ve davranışlar olarak tanımlanmakta ve bireylerin psikolojik, sosyal ve akademik yaşamlarını derinden etkileyebilmektedir. Açık ve sistematik ayrımcılığın toplumsal kabul görmediği günümüzde önyargılar, bu örtük ayrımcılık biçimiyle gündelik hayata taşınmaya devam etmektedir. Türkiye son yıllarda uluslararası öğrenci sayısı hızla artan bir yükseköğretim merkezi hâline gelmiş olsa da bu öğrencilerin akademik ve sosyal yaşamda karşılaştıkları mikroagresyonlar ile bu deneyimlerin psikolojik ve toplumsal etkileri yeterince incelenmemiştir. Mevcut Türkiye literatürü mikroagresyon davranışlarını belgelemekle birlikte, deneyimleri kesişimsel kimlik dinamikleri bağlamında ele alan kuramsal çerçevelerden yoksundur. Bu çalışma söz konusu boşluğu doldurmayı hedeflemektedir. Araştırma, orta ölçekli bir ildeki bir devlet üniversitesinde öğrenim gören uluslararası öğrencilerin mikroagresyon deneyimlerini ve bu deneyimlerin öğrenciler üzerindeki psikolojik, sosyal ve akademik etkilerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Sosyal inşacı ve yorumlayıcı bir paradigma içinde konumlanan araştırma keşfedici durum çalışması olarak tasarlanmıştır. Veriler, kartopu örnekleme yöntemiyle ulaşılan 20 uluslararası öğrenciyle yürütülen yarı yapılandırılmış mülakatlar aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Veriler, Braun ve Clarke’ın altı aşamalı çerçevesi doğrultusunda indüktif tematik analiz ile çözümlenmiştir. Crenshaw’ın kesişimsellik kuramı yorumlama aşamasında bir çerçeve olarak işlev görmüş, etnisite, milliyet, dil, din ve göç statüsünün deneyimleri birlikte nasıl biçimlendirdiğine dikkat edilmiştir. Bulgular, mikroagresyonların sekiz başlık altında, az gelişmişlik ve yoksulluk atfı, kriminalleştirme, yabancılaştırma, akademik önyargı, kimlik indirgemeciliği, ırksal nesneleştirme, sosyal ve kurumsal dışlama ile basmakalıp şakalar olarak tezahür ettiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu mikroagresyonların öğrenciler üzerinde duygusal geri çekilme ve izolasyon, özsaygı kaybı ve öz-şüphe, kimlik krizi ile öfke ve tükenme şeklinde dört temel olumsuz etki ürettiği saptanmıştır. Bu çalışma, tespit ettiği mikroagresyon tiplerini literatürdeki kategorilerle ilişkilendirerek ve bu tipolojilerin açıkladığı mekanizmaların, ırksal kategorilerin literatürün geliştirildiği bağlamlara kıyasla kamusal dilde daha az kurumsallaşmış olduğu bir ortamda nasıl işlediğini somutlaştırarak katkıda bulunmaktadır.

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Cite This Article

Kocalan, E. B., Özdemir, F. N., Coban, A., Bekdemir, H. (2026). Microaggressions: The Invisible Challenges of International Students in Turkish Higher Education. Tetkik, Sayı: 10, 885–917. https://ajindex.com/articles/1646656

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