Journals / Kırşehir Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Multi-Level Toxicity Assessment of the Neonicotinoid Thiamethoxam in Human Cells with Cellular, Molecular, and Computational Approaches

Hücre, Moleküler ve Hesaplamalı Yaklaşımlar ile İnsan Hücrelerinde Neonikotinoid Tiyametoksam'ın Çok Seviyeli Toksisite Değerlendirmesi

İbrahim Şahan(KIRSEHIR AHI EVRAN UNIVERSITY)0000-0006-0708-6654
Beyza Eseroğlu(KIRSEHIR AHI EVRAN UNIVERSITY)0009-0000-2086-9852
Sevinç Akçay(KIRŞEHİR AHİ EVRAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-2961-3970
Bayram Furkan Coşkun(KIRSEHIR AHI EVRAN UNIVERSITY)0009-0004-8885-543X
Serap Yalcin(KIRŞEHİR AHİ EVRAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-9584-266X
Selin Özkan Kotiloğlu(KIRSEHIR AHI EVRAN UNIVERSITY)0000-0002-2262-5613
Pages
1–14
Publication Date
2026-06-30
DOI
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Overall, these findings demonstrate that thiamethoxam exerts significant cytotoxic, anti-migratory, and anti-invasive effects in HeLa cells and induces a robust GSTK1-mediated detoxification response.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:Thiamethoxam is a widely used neonicotinoid insecticide and a persistent environmental contaminant, increasing concerns about its potential cytotoxic effects in mammalian cells.
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Key Findings & Data:In this study, the cytotoxic and functional effects of thiamethoxam were evaluated in HeLa cervical cancer cells, with particular focus on its influence on the expression of the detoxification-related gene GSTK1 and the cholinergic receptor gene CHRNA9, as well as its potential molecular interactions with their encoded proteins.
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Conclusion & Impact:Overall, these findings demonstrate that thiamethoxam exerts significant cytotoxic, anti-migratory, and anti-invasive effects in HeLa cells and induces a robust GSTK1-mediated detoxification response.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Tiyometoksam · HeLa Hücreleri · GSTK1

Abstract

Thiamethoxam is a widely used neonicotinoid insecticide and a persistent environmental contaminant, increasing concerns about its potential cytotoxic effects in mammalian cells. In this study, the cytotoxic and functional effects of thiamethoxam were evaluated in HeLa cervical cancer cells, with particular focus on its influence on the expression of the detoxification-related gene GSTK1 and the cholinergic receptor gene CHRNA9, as well as its potential molecular interactions with their encoded proteins. HeLa cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of thiamethoxam, and cell viability was assessed using the XTT assay, revealing a dose-dependent reduction in viability with an IC₅₀ value of 98 μM. Wound-healing and Matrigel-based invasion assays demonstrated significant inhibition of cell migration and invasive capacity following exposure. Gene expression analysis by RT-qPCR showed a pronounced ~30-fold upregulation of GSTK1 at 24 h, which remained elevated at 48 h, suggesting activation of cellular detoxification mechanisms. In contrast, CHRNA9 expression exhibited a decrease at both time points, although this change did not reach statistical significance. Molecular docking analyses performed using AutoDock Vina and SeamDock indicated a stronger binding affinity of thiamethoxam to GSTK1 compared with CHRNA9, supporting the observed transcriptional responses. Overall, these findings demonstrate that thiamethoxam exerts significant cytotoxic, anti-migratory, and anti-invasive effects in HeLa cells and induces a robust GSTK1-mediated detoxification response. The results suggest that neonicotinoid exposure may activate oxidative stress-related pathways in human cells and identify GSTK1 as a potential biomarker of neonicotinoid-induced cellular toxicity.

Özet

Tiyametoksam, yaygın olarak kullanılan bir neonikotinoid insektisit ve kalıcı bir çevre kirleticisidir ve memeli hücrelerinde potansiyel sitotoksik etkileri konusunda artan endişelere neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, tiyametoksamın sitotoksik ve fonksiyonel etkileri, özellikle detoksifikasyonla ilişkili GSTK1 geni ve kolinerjik reseptör geni CHRNA9'un ekspresyonu üzerindeki etkisi ve bunların kodladığı proteinlerle potansiyel moleküler etkileşimleri üzerinde odaklanılarak HeLa serviks kanserli hücreleri değerlendirilmiştir. HeLa hücreleri artan konsantrasyonlarda tiyametoksama maruz bırakılmış ve hücre canlılığı XTT testi kullanılarak değerlendirilmiş, IC₅₀ değeri 98 μM olan doz bağımlı bir canlılık azalması ortaya çıkmıştır. Yara iyileşmesi ve invazyon assay testleri, maruz kalma sonrasında hücre göçünün ve uzun vadeli proliferatif kapasitenin önemli ölçüde inhibe olduğunu göstermiştir. RT-qPCR ile yapılan gen ekspresyonu analizi, 24 saatte GSTK1'in belirgin bir şekilde ~30 kat artış gösterdiğini ve 48 saatte de yüksek seviyede kalmıştır, bu da hücresel detoksifikasyon mekanizmalarının aktive olduğunu düşündürmüştür. Buna karşın, CHRNA9 ekspresyonu her iki zaman noktasında da azalma göstermiş, ancak bu değişiklik istatistiksel olarak önemsiz bulunmuştur. AutoDock Vina ve SeamDock kullanılarak yapılan moleküler kenetlenme analizleri, tiyametoksamın CHRNA9'a kıyasla GSTK1'e daha güçlü bir bağlanma afinitesi göstermiş ve gözlemlenen transkripsiyonel yanıtları desteklemiştir. Genel olarak, bu bulgular tiyametoksamın HeLa hücrelerinde önemli sitotoksik, anti-migratif ve anti-proliferatif etkiler gösterdiğini ve GSTK1 aracılı güçlü bir detoksifikasyon yanıtını indüklediğini göstermektedir. Sonuçlar, neonikotinoid maruziyetinin insan hücrelerinde oksidatif stresle ilişkili yolakları aktive edebileceğini ve GSTK1'in neonikotinoid kaynaklı hücresel toksisitenin potansiyel bir biyomarker olduğunu göstermektedir.

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Cite This Article

Şahan, İ., Eseroğlu, B., Akçay, S., Coşkun, B. F., Yalcin, S., Kotiloğlu, S. Ö. (2026). Multi-Level Toxicity Assessment of the Neonicotinoid Thiamethoxam in Human Cells with Cellular, Molecular, and Computational Approaches. Kırşehir Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 1–14. https://ajindex.com/articles/1645918

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