SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Göbeklitepe Eğitim ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1

An Investigation of the Relationships Between Leisure Attitude, Perceived Stress, Well-Being, and Life Satisfaction: A Sample of Recreational Physical Activity Participants

Serbest Zaman Tutumu, Algılanan Stres, İyi Oluş ve Yaşam Doyumu Arasındaki İlişkilerin İncelenmesi: Rekreasyonel Fiziksel Aktivite Katılımcıları Örneği

Anıl Siyahtaş(Türkiye Futbol Federasyonu)0000-0001-6477-7298
Emrah Serdar(Sakarya Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi)0000-0003-2438-6748
Pages
1–15
Publication Date
2026-06-30
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The affective dimension of leisure attitudes supported well-being and life satisfaction while reducing stress.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:The aim of study is to examine the relationships between leisure attitudes and perceived stress, well-being, and life satisfaction, and to identify differences based on demographic variables.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The study group consisted of individuals participating in recreational physical activities (n=288; Meanage=19.40±4.70).
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The affective dimension of leisure attitudes supported well-being and life satisfaction while reducing stress.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Algılanan Stres · Psikolojik İyi Oluş · Rekreasyonel Fiziksel Aktiviteler

Abstract

The aim of study is to examine the relationships between leisure attitudes and perceived stress, well-being, and life satisfaction, and to identify differences based on demographic variables. The study group consisted of individuals participating in recreational physical activities (n=288; Meanage=19.40±4.70). Research data were collected using a demographic information form, as well as Leisure Attitude Scale (LAS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWBS), and Life Satisfaction Scale (LSS). Non-normally distributed data were analyzed using Mann–Whitney U, Kruskal–Wallis, and Spearman correlation. Significant differences were found across factors by demographics (p<0.05). A negative and significant relationship was found between perceived stress and the cognitive (r=-.129; p<0.05) and affective attitude subdimensions (r=-.132; p<0.05) of LAS. LAS Cognitive (r=.167; p<0.01), affective (r=.257; p<0.01), and behavioral attitude subscales (r=.123; p<0.05) were found to have positive and significant relationships with well-being. Positive and significant relationships were found between the affective attitude subscale of LAS and life satisfaction (r=.149; p<0.05). The affective dimension of leisure attitudes supported well-being and life satisfaction while reducing stress.

Özet

Araştırmanın amacı serbest zaman tutumu ile algılanan stres, iyi oluş ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki ilişkileri incelemek ve demografik değişkenlere göre farklılıkları belirlemektir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu rekreasyonel fiziksel aktivitelere katılan bireylerden oluşmaktadır (n=288; Ort.yaş=19.40±4.70). Araştırma verileri demografik bilgi formunun yanı sıra Serbest Zaman Tutum Ölçeği (SZTÖ), Algılanan Stres Ölçeği (ASÖ), Psikolojik İyi Oluş Ölçeği (PİOÖ) ve Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği (YDÖ) ile toplanmıştır. Normal dağılım göstermeyen verilerin analizinde Mann-Whitney U, Kruskall Wallis ve Spearman korelasyon testleri kullanılmıştır. Bulgulara göre; demografik değişkenlere göre faktörler arasında anlamlı farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir (p<0.05). SZTÖ Bilişsel (r=-.129; p<0.05) ve duyuşsal tutum alt boyutu (r=-.132; p<0.05) ile algılanan stres arasında negatif yönlü anlamlı ilişki tespit edilmiştir. SZTÖ Bilişsel (r=.167; p<0.01), duyuşsal (r=.257; p<0.01) ve davranışsal tutum alt boyutları (r=.123; p<0.05) ile psikolojik iyi oluş arasında pozitif yönlü anlamlı ilişkiler bulunmuştur. SZTÖ duyuşsal tutum alt boyutu ile yaşam doyumu arasında pozitif yönlü anlamlı ilişkiler saptanmıştır (r=.149; p<0.05). Araştırmada, serbest zaman tutumunun özellikle duyuşsal boyutunun bireylerin iyi oluşunu ve yaşam doyumunu destekleyici, algılanan stresi ise azaltıcı bir rol üstlendiği söylenebilir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Siyahtaş, A., Serdar, E. (2026). An Investigation of the Relationships Between Leisure Attitude, Perceived Stress, Well-Being, and Life Satisfaction: A Sample of Recreational Physical Activity Participants. Göbeklitepe Eğitim ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.70631/gesd.1878425

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (79)

  1. Abd Ellatif Elsayed, H. (2025). Perceived stress and life satisfaction among university students: the mediating and moderating roles of coping strategies and personality traits. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1593555. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1593555
  2. Akay, B., Ayhan, B., & Yaşartürk, F. (2022). Boş Zaman yoluyla stresle baş etme stratejisi ve mutluluk düzeyi arasındaki ilişki. Uluslararası Güncel Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 593-607.
  3. Alanoglu, S., Isik, O., & Ayhan, C. (2020). The effect of regular recreational activities on adult women’s stress, happiness, and life satisfaction levels. Progress in Nutrition, 22(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v22i2-S.10635
  4. Altuntaş, S. B., & Başaran, Z. (2025). Halk eğitim kursiyerlerinin rekreasyon farkındalık, serbest zaman doyum ve mental iyi oluş düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Egzersiz ve Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 53-69.
  5. An, B., Sato, M., & Harada, M. (2021). Grit, leisure involvement, and life satisfaction: a case of amateur triathletes in Japan. Leisure Sciences, 46(3), 237–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2021.1927269
  6. Andrade, R. D., Tavares, G. H., Farias, G. O., Beltrame, T. S., & Felden, É. P. G. (2024). Proposition of a theoretical model for leisure practices based on constraints and attitudes. World Leisure Journal, 66(2), 250-266. https://doi.org/10.1080/16078055.2023.2251942
  7. Aşkın, A. (2019). Sağlık çalışanlarının (doktor ve hemşireler) serbest zaman faaliyetlerine katılım zamanları ile algılanan stres düzeyleri ve psikolojik dayanıklılıkları arasındaki ilişkinin analizi (SBÜ Dr. siyami ersek göğüs kalp ve damar cerrahisi eğitim ve araştırma hastanesi örneği). Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi.
  8. Ayhan, B., & Özel, B. (2020). Examining the relationship between leisure attitude and life satisfaction levels of university students. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science, 8(3), 154-166. https://doi.org/10.14486/IntJSCS.2020.605
  9. Ayhan, C., & Eskiler, E. (2024). The relationship between leisure attitude and happiness: the mediating effect of recreational flow experience. International Journal of Recreation and Sports Science, 8(1), 117-125. https://doi.org/10.46463/ijrss.1504810
  10. Balaman, İ., Sağıroglu, İ., & Özmaden, M. (2020). Kırkpınar yağlı güreş sporcularının serbest zaman tutum düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 22(4).
  11. Bedini, L. A., Labban, J. D., Gladwell, N. J., & Dudley, W. N. (2018). The effects of leisure on stress and health of family caregivers. International Journal of Stress Management, 25(S1), 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000072
  12. Belo, P., Navarro-Pardo, E., Pocinho, R., Carrana, P., & Margarido, C. (2020). Relationship between mental health and the education level in elderly people: mediation of leisure attitude. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 573. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00573
  13. Bradley, G. L., & Inglis, B. C. (2012). Adolescent leisure dimensions, psychosocial adjustment, and gender effects. Journal of Adolescence, 35(5), 1167–1176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.03.006
  14. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2018). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Pegem Akademi.
  15. Castro, V. C., Radovanovic, C. A. T., Dellaroza, M. S. G., Pedroso, B., Silva, E. S., & Carreira, L. (2021). Construct validity and internal consistency of the Brazilian version of Leisure Attitude Measurement for the elderly. Rev Esc Enferm USP, 55, e03710. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2020000703710
  16. Chang, L. C. (2014). Leisure education reduces stress among older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 18(6), 754-758. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2013.878306
  17. Choi, S. H., & Yoo, Y. J. (2017). Leisure attitude and satisfaction with leisure and life: proposing leisure prioritization and justification. World Leisure Journal, 59(2), 140-155. https://doi.org/10.1080/16078055.2016.1216886
  18. Cohen S, Kamarck T, & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385-396. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404
  19. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
  20. Dağlı, A., & Baysal, N. (2016). Yaşam doyum ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(59), 1250-1262. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.263229
  21. Demirel, M., Kaya, A., Aksu, H. S., & Harmandar-Demirel, D. (2023). Genç yetişkinlerde sosyal medya bağımlılığı ve serbest zaman tutumu: Algılanan gelir düzeyinin rolü. NEU GASTRO, 2(2), 74-85. https://doi.org/10.54497/Gastromedia.2023.13
  22. Denkel, M., Sağıroğlu, İ., Taşkın, C. & Ayar, H. (2020). Öğrencilerin boş zaman aktivitelerine yönelik tutum düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi. Turkish Studies, 15(5), 2297-2307. https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44042
  23. Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
  24. Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Biswas-Diener, R., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D., et al. (2009). New measures of well-being. The Netherlands: Springer. The collected works of Ed Diener.
  25. Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D., Oishi, S., & Biswasdiener, R. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97, 143–156.
  26. Dirican, G. G. & Güzel Gürbüz, P. (2025). Investigation of the relationship between time management behaviors and leisure attitudes of karate referees terms of demographic variables. International Journal of Physical Education Sport and Technologies, 6(2), 10-23.
  27. Dirzyte, A., Patapas, A., & Perminas, A. (2022). Associations between leisure preferences, mindfulness, psychological capital, and life satisfaction. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7), 4121. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074121
  28. Đuranović, M. (2024). Leisure activities of young people as a predictor of life satisfaction. International Journal of Instruction, 17(3), 475-490. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2024.17326a
  29. Emir, E., Akça, E., Badau, A., & Badau, D. (2025). The dark side of leisure time: analysis of the predictive effects between boredom, internet usage habits, and gambling behaviors. Brain Sciences, 15(6), 598. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15060598
  30. Er, B., & Cengiz, R. (2023). Dijital serbest zaman akış deneyimi: Ölçek geliştirme çalışması. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 21(2), 48-62. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.1207592
  31. Eskin, M., Harlak, H., Demirkıran, F., & Dereboy, Ç. (2013). Algılanan stres ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: güvenirlik ve geçerlik analizi. In New/Yeni Symposium Journal, 51(3), 132-140.
  32. Folse, M. L., DaRosa, D. A., & Folse, R. (1985). The relationship between stress and attitudes toward leisure among first-year medical students. Journal of Medical Education, 60(8), 610–617. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-198508000-00004
  33. Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2011). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  34. George, D. & Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference, 17.0 Update, 10th Edition, Pearson, Boston.
  35. Gniewosz, G. (2024). Clarifying the Links between Perceived Stress and Depressiveness: a Longitudinal Study of COVID-19’s Effects on Adolescents in Germany. J. Youth Adolescence 53, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-024-02012-8
  36. Gökyürek, B. (2016). An Analysis of Leisure Attitudes of the Individuals Participating in Dance Activities and the Relationship between Leisure Attitude and Life Satisfaction. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 11(10), 3285-3296.
  37. Han, J. H., & Sa, H. J. (2022). Leisure attitude, stress-related growth, and quality of life during COVID-19-related social distancing. Social Behavior and Personality: An international journal, 50(2), e11015
  38. Hernandez, R., Bassett, S. M., Boughton, S. W., Schuette, S. A., Shiu, E. W., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2018). Psychological well being and physical health: Associations, mechanisms, and future directions. Emotion Review, 10(1), 18-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073917697824
  39. Iso-Ahola, S.E., & Baumeister, R.F. (2023). Leisure and meaning in life. Front. Psychol. 14, 1074649. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1074649
  40. Iwasaki, Y. (2003). Roles of leisure in coping with stress among university students: A repeated-assessment field study. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 16(1), 31-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/1061580021000057022
  41. Kao, I. C., & Chang, L. C. (2017). Long-term effects of leisure education on leisure needs and stress in older adults. Educational Gerontology, 43(7), 356-364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2017.1299447
  42. Kara, F. M., Sarol, H., & Güngörmüs, H. A. (2019). "Attitudes are contagious": Leisure attitude and passion of university students. International Education Studies, 12(7), 42-48. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v12n7p42
  43. Karakaş, G., Eskiler, E. & Serdar, E. (2025). The moderating role of gender in the relationship between leisure involvement and life satisfaction. Gazi Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, 30(3), 104-113. https://doi.org/10.53434/gbesbd.1708604
  44. Kaushik, P., Sharma, H., & Pallai, P. (2025). Leisure satisfaction, happiness, and psychological wellbeing among university students: A gender and educational level perspective. Interdisciplinary Perspectives of Education, 2(2), 92–109. https://doi.org/10.65525/ipe.v2i2.27
  45. Kayhan, B., Demirel, M., & Kayhan, A. (2024). Egzersiz yapan bireylerin boş zaman tutumları: spor merkezlerinde bir inceleme. Sportive, 7(2), 382-396. https://doi.org/10.53025/sportive.1524715
  46. Kim, S., Sung, J., Park, J., & Dittmore, S. W. (2015). The relationship among leisure attitude, satisfaction, and psychological well-being for college students. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 15(1), 70-76. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2015.01012
  47. Kumcu Bozkurt, H., & Silik, C.E. (2025). Termal turizm işletmelerinde bireylerin algılanan esenlik ve yaşam doyumu düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki: Ankara örneği. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 17(4), 3241-3263. https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2025.2149
  48. Lagunes-Córdoba, E., Yoldi-Negrete, M., Hewson, T., Guízar-Sánchez, D., Robles-García, R., Tovilla-Zárate, C. A.,. & Fresán, A. (2022). A better way of life: The role of leisure activities on self-perceived health, perceived stress, confidence in stress management, and satisfaction with social support in psychiatrists and psychiatry trainees in Mexico. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 1052275. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1052275
  49. Lee, C. J., Wu, C. S., & Lin, C. T. (2012). Leisure activity and coping with stress: Adolescents as case study. Quality & Quantity, 46(3), 979-991. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-012-9692-5
  50. Lee, K. J., Jun, S. H. & Lee, C. W. (2025). Analysis of the relationship among leisure attitudes, resilience, and quality of life in baby boomer leisure participants. Journal of Korean Leisure Science, 16(1), 1-14.
  51. Lin, C. T., Lin, Y. S., Yang, C. C., Wu, C. P., & Shen, C. C. (2021). The relationships among leisure motivation, leisure attitude, perceived value, and happiness for motorcycle riders. In Global Conference on Business and Social Sciences Proceeding, 12(55), 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2021.12(55
  52. Narin, Z. E., & Kusan, M. (2025). Üniversite öğrencilerinde sosyal medya bağımlılığı ve boş zaman yönetiminin psikolojik iyi oluş düzeyine etkisi. Nişantaşı Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(1), 21-22. https://doi.org/10.52122/nisantasisbd.1662819
  53. Önal, L., & Bedir, F. (2023). Serbest Zaman Tutum Ölçeği Kısa Formu (SZTÖ-KF): Türkçe Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Spor ve Bilim Dergisi, 1(1), 27-39.
  54. Öztürk, Y. (2022). Rekreasyon fayda farkındalığı ve yaşam doyum düzeyi arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesine yönelik bir araştırma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 13(36), 1237-1250. https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.1096705
  55. Pekel, A., Kaya, A., & Demirci, S. (2023). The Relationship between Students' Life Satisfaction and Leisure Attitudes (Research on Students of Physical Education and Sports). Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results, 14(3), 1183-1190.
  56. Ragheb, M. G., & Beard, J. G. (1982). Measuring leisure attitude. Journal of Leisure Research, 14(2), 155-167.
  57. Rodríguez-Cifuentes, F., López-Gonzalez, M. A., Rubio-Garay, F., Topa, G., Belo, P., Pocinho, R.,. & Fernández-Muñoz, J. J. (2024). Leisure attitude, self-rated health, and psychological well-being in older adults: A moderated mediation model. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 1417-1431. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S453396
  58. Rusli, B. N., Edimansyah, B. A., & Naing, L. (2008). Working conditions, self-perceived stress, anxiety, depression and quality of life: a structural equation modelling approach. BMC Public Health, 8(1), 48. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-48
  59. Schmiedeberg, C., & Schröder, J. (2017). Leisure activities and life satisfaction: An analysis with German panel data. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 12, 137-151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-016-9458-7
  60. Schnohr, P., Kristensen, T. S., Prescott, E., & Scharling, H. (2005). Stress and life dissatisfaction are inversely associated with jogging and other types of physical activity in leisure time--The Copenhagen City Heart Study. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 15(2), 107–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2004.00394.x
  61. Serdar, E. & Demirel, M. (2020). Algılanan stres ile serbest zaman doyumu arasındaki ilişki: Spor bilimleri öğrencileri örneği. Atatürk Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 22(3).
  62. Serdar, E., & Harmandar Demirel, D. (2022). Üniversite öğrencilerinin serbest zaman tutumları ile serbest zamanda sıkılma algıları arasındaki ilişki. Gençlik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(27), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.52528/genclikarastirmalari.939150
  63. Siyahtaş, A. (2025a). Rekreasyonun dönüşen yüzü: Teknoloji, yeni nesil ve trendler. In: Kılınçarslan, G. & Öner, S. (Ed.), Spor bilimlerinde güncel akademik çalışmalar-9. Duvar Yayınları.
  64. Siyahtaş, A. (2025b). Serbest zaman tutumunun mutluluk üzerindeki rolü: Bir z kuşağı örneği. Sportive, 8(1), 16-29. https://doi.org/10.53025/sportive.1574197
  65. Siyahtaş, A., & Ceviz, E. (2025). The relationship between career satisfaction and life satisfaction: an investigation from the perspective of efficacy of football coaches in Türkiye. Journal of Coaching and Sports Science, 4(2), 1-12. https://dx.doi.org/10.58524/jcss.v4i2.563
  66. Teixeira, A., & Freire, T. (2013). The leisure attitude scale: Psychometrics properties of a short version for adolescents and young adults. Leisure/Loisir, 37(1), 57-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/14927713.2013.776748
  67. Telef, B. B. (2011). Psikolojik iyi oluş ölçeği: Türkçeye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. 11. Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresi, 3–5 Ekim, Selçuk- İzmir.
  68. Telef, B. B. (2013). Psikolojik iyi oluş ölçeği: Türkçeye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(28-3), 374-384.
  69. Tokay Argan, M., & Mersin, S. (2021). Life satisfaction, life quality, and leisure satisfaction in health professionals. Perspectives In Psychiatric Care, 57(2), 660-666. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12592
  70. Trainor, S., Delfabbro, P., Anderson, S., & Winefield, A. (2010). Leisure activities and adolescent psychological well-being. Journal of adolescence, 33(1), 173-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.03.013
  71. Vapur, M. (2021). Üniversite öğrencilerinin algılanan stres düzeylerinin boş zaman katılımı ve demografik özellikler açısından incelenmesi. Journal of Recreation and Tourism Research, 8(3), 314-330. https://doi.org/10.31771/jrtr.2021.103
  72. Yaşartürk, F., & Peker, H. (2023). Üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal fiziki kaygı ve serbest zaman faaliyetlerine yönelik tutum düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki. The Online Journal of Recreation and Sports (TOJRAS), 12(2), 110-124. https://doi.org/10.22282/tojras.1260614
  73. Yılmaz, S., Güngör, N. B., & Kurtipek, S. (2025). Boş zaman yoluyla stresle başa çıkmanın mutluluğa etkisi. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(3), 454-474. https://doi.org/10.61962/bsd.1817948
  74. Yoo, J. (2022a). Attitude toward leisure, satisfaction with leisure policy, and happiness are mediated by satisfaction with leisure activities. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 11723. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-16012-w
  75. Yoo, J. (2022b). Relationships among attitude toward leisure, satisfaction with leisure policies, satisfaction with leisure activities, and happiness in korean caregivers for young children. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1336934/v1
  76. Yurcu, G. (2022). Leisure attitude, anxiety, and mental well-being in Turkey: The case of COVID-19. European Journal of Tourism Hospitality and Recreation, 11(2), 181-194. https://doi.org/10.2478/ejthr-2021-0017
  77. Zhang, C., Qing, N., & Zhang, S. (2021). The impact of leisure activities on the mental health of older adults: the mediating effect of social support and perceived stress. Journal of Healthcare Engineering, 2021(1), 6264447. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6264447
  78. Lagunes-Córdoba, E., Yoldi-Negrete, M., Hewson, T., Guízar-Sánchez, D., Robles-García, R., Tovilla-Zárate, C. A.,. & Fresán, A. (2022). A better way of life: The role of leisure activities on self-perceived health, perceived stress, confidence in stress management, and satisfaction with social support in psychiatrists and psychiatry trainees in Mexico. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 1052275. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1052275
  79. Rodríguez-Cifuentes, F., López-Gonzalez, M. A., Rubio-Garay, F., Topa, G., Belo, P., Pocinho, R.,. & Fernández-Muñoz, J. J. (2024). Leisure attitude, self-rated health, and psychological well-being in older adults: A moderated mediation model. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 1417-1431. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S453396