SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Veterinary Journal of Kastamonu University / 2026 / Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Comparison of Serum and Salivary CRP Levels with Leukocyte Parameters in Dogs with Canine Parvoviral Enteritis

Gaye Ölmez(MEHMET AKİF ERSOY ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0009-0009-6829-3456
Ceren Çakar(FIRAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0009-0002-3272-1753
Mahmut Turan(HARRAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0009-0005-1243-031X
Erdem Gülersoy(HARRAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-8511-0150
Pages
—
Publication Date
2025-06-30
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

However, further studies are needed to confirm its diagnostic and prognostic reliability, considering factors such as dilution and salivary flow rate.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Aim to study: Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious cause of enteritis, associated with high morbidity, mortality, and low survival rates in untreated dogs.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Material and methods: A total of 20 dogs (10 healthy controls, 10 with PVE) underwent physical and laboratory examinations, including CBC and serum and salivary CRP measurements.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:However, further studies are needed to confirm its diagnostic and prognostic reliability, considering factors such as dilution and salivary flow rate.
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:biomarker · CRP · dog

Abstract

Aim to study: Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious cause of enteritis, associated with high morbidity, mortality, and low survival rates in untreated dogs. While severe disease primarily affects younger dogs, immunocompromised adults may also be susceptible. Since the clinical signs of CPV infection are nonspecific, reliable biomarkers are essential for differential diagnosis and disease severity assessment. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between serum and salivary C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in dogs with parvoviral enteritis (PVE) and their association with complete blood count (CBC) parameters. Additionally, we sought to highlight the clinical relevance of saliva as an alternative diagnostic fluid, reducing the need for frequent blood sampling and minimizing stress in affected animals. Material and methods: A total of 20 dogs (10 healthy controls, 10 with PVE) underwent physical and laboratory examinations, including CBC and serum and salivary CRP measurements. Results: In the PVE group, WBC, monocyte, granulocyte, MCH, and MCHC levels were significantly lower (P 0.900). Moreover, a very strong positive correlation was observed between serum and salivary CRP concentrations (r = 0.912). Conclusion: These findings suggest that salivary CRP, like serum CRP, may serve as a valuable biomarker for assessing disease severity in CPV cases where blood collection is challenging. However, further studies are needed to confirm its diagnostic and prognostic reliability, considering factors such as dilution and salivary flow rate.

🔖

Cite This Article

Ölmez, G., Çakar, C., Turan, M., Gülersoy, E. (2025). Comparison of Serum and Salivary CRP Levels with Leukocyte Parameters in Dogs with Canine Parvoviral Enteritis. Veterinary Journal of Kastamonu University, Volume: 4 Issue: 1. https://doi.org/10.61262/vetjku.1652954

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (24)

  1. Ceron, J. J., Eckersall, P. D., & Martínez-Subiela, S. (2005). Acute phase proteins in dogs and cats: Current knowledge and future perspectives. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 34(2), 85-99. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939- 165x.2005.tb00019.x
  2. Decaro, N., Campolo, M., Desario, C., Elia, G., Martella, V., Lorusso, E. & Buonavoglia, C. (2005). Maternally-derived antibodies in pups and protection from canine parvovirus infection. Biologicals, 33(4), 261-267. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.biologicals.2005.06.004
  3. Dik, I., Gulersoy, E., & Simsek, A. (2024). Importance of biomarkers and cytokines in the prognosis of canine parvovirus infection. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 44(3), 875-881. https://doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2024.214
  4. Dreschel, N. A., Cobb, M., Iskandarani, K., & Chinchilli, V. M. (2014). A meta-analysis of salivary cortisol measurement in domestic canines. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, 9, 11-12. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.domaniend.2016.04.003
  5. Dreschel, N. A., & Granger, D. A. (2009). Methods of collection for salivary cortisol measurement in dogs. Hormones and Behavior, 55(1), 163-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.09.010
  6. Eckersall, P. D., & Bell, R. (2010). Acute phase proteins: Biomarkers of infection and inflammation in veterinary medicine. The Veterinary Journal, 185(1), 23-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.04.009
  7. Franco-Martínez, L., Tvarijonaviciute, A., Horvatić, A., Guillemin, N., Cerón, J. J., Escribano, D., Eckersall, D., Kocatürk, M., Yilmaz, Z., Lamy, E., Martínez-Subiela, S., & Mrljak, V. (2018). Changes in salivary analytes in canine parvovirus: A high- resolution quantitative proteomic study. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 60, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2018.09.011
  8. Gebhardt, C., Hirschberger, J., Rau, S., Arndt, G., Krainer, K., Schweigert, F. J., Brunnberg, L., Kaspers, B. & Kohn, B. (2009). Use of C-reactive protein to predict outcome in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome or sepsis. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 19(5), 450-458. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00462.x
  9. Goddard, A., & Leisewitz, A. L. (2010). Canine parvovirus. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 40(6), 1041-1053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2010.07.007
  10. Gülersoy, E., Balıkçı, C., Günal, I., & Şahan, A. (2022). Evaluation of the efficacy of blood gases and hemogram parameters in the diagnosis of non- neurogenic distemper and parvoviral enteritis in dogs with acute gastroenteritis. Revista Científica de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, 32(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e32091
  11. Kalli, I., Leontides, L. S., Mylonakis, M. E., Adamama- Moraitou, K., Rallis, T., & Koutinas, A. F. (2010). Factors affecting the occurrence, duration of hospitalization and final outcome in canine parvovirus infection. Research in Veterinary Science, 89(2), 174-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.02.013
  12. Malin, K., & Witkowska-Piłaszewicz, O. (2022). C-reactive protein as a diagnostic marker in dogs: A review. Animals (Basel), 12(20), 2888. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12202888
  13. Marcovich, J. E., Stucker, K. M., Carr, A. H., Harbison, C. E., Scarlett, J. M., & Parrish, C. R. (2012). Effects of canine parvovirus strain variations on diagnostic test results and clinical management of enteritis in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 241(1), 66-72. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.241.1.66
  14. Martínez-Subiela, S., & Cerón, J. J. (2005). Effects of hemolysis, lipemia, hyperbilirubinaemia and anticoagulants in canine C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, and ceruloplasmin assays. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 46, 625-629.
  15. Murata, H., Shimada, N., & Yoshioka, M. (2004). Current research on acute phase proteins in veterinary diagnosis: An overview. The Veterinary Journal, 168, 28-40.
  16. Mylonakis, M. E., Kalli, I., & Rallis, T. S. (2016). Canine parvoviral enteritis: An update on the clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Veterinary Medicine (Auckland), 7, 91-100. https://doi.org/10.2147/VMRR.S80971
  17. Ok, M., Er, C., & Yildiz, R. (2015). Evaluation of acute phase proteins and cytokines in dogs with parvoviral enteritis. Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 31(3), 143-147. https://doi.org/10.15312/EurasianJVetSci.201531 0970
  18. Parra, M. D., Tecles, F., Martínez-Subiela, S., & Cerón, J. J. (2005). C-reactive protein measurement in canine saliva. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 17(2), 139-144. https://doi.org/10.1177/104063870501700207
  19. Pay, J. B., & Shaw, A. M. (2019). Towards salivary C- reactive protein as a viable biomarker of systemic inflammation. Clinical Biochemistry, 68, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2019.04.006
  20. Rayment, D. J., De Groef, B., Peters, R. A., & Marston, L. C. (2015). Applied personality assessment in domestic dogs: Limitations and caveats. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 163, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2014.11.020
  21. Schoeman, J. P., Goddard, A., & Leisewitz, A. L. (2013). Biomarkers in canine parvovirus enteritis. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 61(4), 217-222. https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2013.776451
  22. Sykes, J. E. (2014). Canine parvovirus infections and other viral enteritides. In J. E. Sykes (Ed.), Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases (1st ed., pp. 141-151). Elsevier.
  23. Walsh, N. P., Montague, J. C., Callow, N., Rowlands, A. V. (2004). Saliva flow rate, total protein concentration and osmolality as potential markers of whole body hydration status during progressive acute dehydration in humans. Arch Oral Biol, 49(2), 149-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2003.08.001.
  24. Franco-Martínez, L., Tvarijonaviciute, A., Horvatić, A., Guillemin, N., Cerón, J. J., Escribano, D., Eckersall, D., Kocatürk, M., Yilmaz, Z., Lamy, E., Martínez-Subiela, S., & Mrljak, V. (2018). Changes in salivary analytes in canine parvovirus: A high- resolution quantitative proteomic study. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 60, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2018.09.011