Journals / ART/icle: Sanat ve Tasarım Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Stylistic Analysis of Disinformation in the Editing of Early Propaganda Films

Erken Dönem Propaganda Filmlerinin Kurgusunda Dezenformasyonun Stilistik Analizi

Doğa Çöl(İSTANBUL MEDİPOL ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-8048-783X
Pages
25–39
Publication Date
2026-06-30
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Attending to these formal patterns distinguishes a stylistic analysis of propaganda from an ideological critique, and that distinction has direct implications for media literacy and the critical analysis of visual culture.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Introduction and Purpose of the Study: This study examines how editing techniques in early propaganda films produce disinformation.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation (1915), Sergei Eisenstein’s Battleship Potemkin (1925), and Leni Riefenstahl’s Triumph of the Will (1935) as its objects of analysis, it asks how the formal organization of images through editing constructs ideological meaning and disseminates disinformation.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Attending to these formal patterns distinguishes a stylistic analysis of propaganda from an ideological critique, and that distinction has direct implications for media literacy and the critical analysis of visual culture.
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:2004 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Propaganda Filmleri · Görsel Kültür · İdeoloji

Abstract

Introduction and Purpose of the Study: This study examines how editing techniques in early propaganda films produce disinformation. Taking D.W. Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation (1915), Sergei Eisenstein’s Battleship Potemkin (1925), and Leni Riefenstahl’s Triumph of the Will (1935) as its objects of analysis, it asks how the formal organization of images through editing constructs ideological meaning and disseminates disinformation. The analysis attends to editing strategies: parallel editing, montage, shot-reverse-shot construction, and rhythmic patterning, examined scene by scene rather than at the level of theme or content. Literature Review / Background: Scholarship on propaganda cinema has concentrated on ideological content, historical context, and social reception, while the formal mechanisms through which editing produces ideological conviction have received comparatively little attention. Franklin’s (1979) examination of The Birth of a Nation as historical propaganda, Carter’s (1960) analysis of its “plantation illusion,” and Lennig’s (2004) account of its production and reception all treat the film’s distortions as a matter of narrative content. What is missing is a formal account of how the editing itself, rather than the depicted content, generates the persuasive force of disinformation. This study takes that formal dimension as its central concern. Methodology: The analysis is qualitative and case-based. Each film is examined scene by scene, with sustained attention to editing strategies. Filmmaker statements and contextual documents are referenced only where they clarify a formal choice that might otherwise remain ambiguous. The films themselves are the primary evidence. This approach follows Byrne's (1965) account of stylistic film analysis as the close reading of formal devices for their communicative function. Findings: All three films construct ideological authority through editing rather than through content alone. Griffith deploys parallel editing and visual contrast to produce a narrative in which white supremacist violence is aesthetically coded as rescue and heroism. Eisenstein’s intellectual montage in Battleship Potemkin generates revolutionary meaning through juxtaposition, making ideological propositions appear as logical conclusions drawn from the images themselves. Riefenstahl’s Triumph of the Will integrates rhythmic editing with orchestral sound and low-angle cinematography to transform political spectacle into something that appears inevitable and organic. Conclusion: Propaganda, as these three films make clear, is not a property of content that can be added to or removed from images, but is produced through the formal organization of images in time. Editing, the primary formal operation of cinema, is therefore the primary mechanism of cinematic disinformation. Attending to these formal patterns distinguishes a stylistic analysis of propaganda from an ideological critique, and that distinction has direct implications for media literacy and the critical analysis of visual culture.

Özet

Giriş ve Çalışmanın Amacı: Bu çalışma, erken dönem propaganda filmlerinde kurgu tekniklerinin dezenformasyon üretiminde nasıl kullanıldığını sorgulamaktadır. Bir Ulusun Doğuşu (1915), Potemkin Zırhlısı (1925) ve İradenin Zaferi (1935) gibi örnekler üzerinden, sinemanın ideolojik manipülasyonda nasıl işlev gördüğü ve kurgu yoluyla hakikatin nasıl çarpıtıldığı araştırma sorusu etrafında ele alınmıştır. Araştırma, propaganda filmlerinin yalnızca tarihsel belgeler değil, aynı zamanda stilize edilmiş dezenformasyon araçları olduğunu ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Kavramsal/Kuramsal Çerçeve: Çalışma, dezenformasyonun görsel anlatıdaki biçimsel izlerini analiz eden kuramsal yaklaşımlara dayanmaktadır. Griffith, Eisenstein ve Riefenstahl'ın çalışmaları, sinema tarihinde propaganda amacıyla kurgu tekniklerinin kullanımı açısından önemli birer örnek teşkil eder. Mevcut literatürde bu filmler genellikle ideolojik içerikleriyle ele alınırken, bu çalışma estetik biçimlerin dezenformasyon üretimindeki rolünü odağa alarak önemli bir boşluğu doldurur. Bu yönüyle, sanat ile propaganda arasındaki sınırların sinemasal kurgu üzerinden nasıl kurulduğunu analiz eder. Yöntem: Bu çalışma nitel ve vaka temelli bir biçimsel analizdir. Her film, yalnızca anlatıya değil, biçime odaklanarak sahne sahne incelenmiştir. Yönetmen beyanları ve tarihsel belgeler, yalnızca belirli bir biçimsel tercihin yorumlanmasını güçleştirdiği durumlarda başvuru kaynağı olarak kullanılmıştır. Temel kanıt filmlerin kendisidir. Bu yaklaşım, Byrne'in (1965) stilistik film analizine ilişkin yöntemsel önerisiyle örtüşmektedir. Bulgular: Üç film de ideolojik otoriteyi içerikten değil, biçimden üretmektedir. Griffith, paralel kurgu ve görsel karşıtlıkla beyaz üstünlükçü şiddeti estetiğin diline çevirir. Eisenstein’ın entelüktüal montajı, kurgusal karşıtlıklar aracılığıyla devrimci anlam kurar ve ideolojik önermeleri görüntülerden çıkarsanmış mantıksal sonuçlar gibi sunar. Riefenstahl’ın İradenin Zaferi ise ritmik kurgu, orkestral ses ve aşağıdan yukarıya çekim açılarını büntünleştirerek siyasi gösteriyi kaçınılmaz ve doğal görünür kılar. Sonuç: Propaganda, bu üç filmde de açıkça görüldüğü üzere, görüntülere sonradan eklenip çıkarılabilecek bir içerik değil, görüntülerin zamansal örgütlenmesiyle üretilen bir biçimdir. Kurgu, sinemanın temel biçimsel işlemi olarak sinemasal dezenformasyonun da temel mekanizmasıdır. Bu ayrımı görmek propaganda eleştirisini salt ideolojik bir yorumdan ayırır ve görsel kültürün eleştirel analizi için somut bir perspektif sunar.

🔖

Cite This Article

Çöl, D. (2026). Stylistic Analysis of Disinformation in the Editing of Early Propaganda Films. ART/icle: Sanat ve Tasarım Dergisi, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 25–39. https://doi.org/10.56590/stdarticle.1749848

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (29)

  1. BENJAMIN, W. (2008). The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction. Trans. J.A. Underwood. London: Penguin Books.
  2. BROWN, A.P. (2018). “Visual Metaphors for the People: Unpacking Sergei Eisenstein's Pedagogy of the Russian Revolution Through Film.” Elements 14 (1). https://doi.org/10.6017/eurj.v14i1.10327.
  3. BYRNE, R.B. (1965). “Stylistic Analysis of the Film: Notes on a Methodology.” Speech Monographs 32 (1). https://doi.org/10.1080/03637756509375431.
  4. CARTER, E. (1960). “Cultural History Written with Lightning: The Significance of The Birth of a Nation.” American Quarterly 12 (3): 347-357. https://doi.org/10.2307/2710093.
  5. CASTY, A. (1972). “The Films of D.W. Griffith: A Style for the Times.” Journal of Popular Film 1 (2): 66-79. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472719.1972.10661644.
  6. EBERT, R. (1994). “The Wonderful, Horrible Life of Leni Riefenstahl.” RogerEbert.com. https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-wonderful-horrible-life-of-leni-riefenstahl-1994.
  7. EBERT, R. (2003). “The Birth of a Nation.” RogerEbert.com, Great Movies. https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-the-birth-of-a-nation-1915.
  8. EISENSTEIN, S., dir. (1925). Battleship Potemkin. Goskino.
  9. EISENSTEIN, S. (1949). Film Form: Essays in Film Theory. Trans. J. Leyda. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
  10. FERREIRA, R.G. (2008). “The CIA and Jacobo Arbenz: History of a Disinformation Campaign.” Journal of Third World Studies 25 (2): 59-81.
  11. FRANKLIN, J.H. (1979). “‘Birth of a Nation’: Propaganda as History.” The Massachusetts Review 20 (3): 417-434.
  12. GRIFFITH, D.W., dir. (1915). The Birth of a Nation. David W. Griffith Corp.
  13. GUNNING, T. (1994). D.W. Griffith and the Origins of American Narrative Film: The Early Years at Biograph. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
  14. HITLER, A. (1999). Mein Kampf. Trans. R. Manheim. Boston: Mariner Books.
  15. KOVIC, M., A. RAUCHFLEISCH, M. SELE, and C. CASPAR. (2018). “Digital Astroturfing in Politics: Definition, Typology, and Countermeasures.” Studies in Communication Sciences 18 (1). https://doi.org/10.24434/j.scoms.2018.01.005.
  16. LANG, R., ed. (1994). The Birth of a Nation: D.W. Griffith, Director. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
  17. LENNIG, A. (2004). “Myth and Fact: The Reception of The Birth of a Nation.” Film History 16 (2): 117-141.
  18. LEYDA, J. (1949). “Film Chronicle: The Art and Death of D.W. Griffith.” The Sewanee Review 57 (2): 350-356.
  19. MAGOWAN, K. (1999). “Coming Between the ‘Black Beast’ and the White Virgin: The Pressures of Liminality in Thomas Dixon.” Studies in American Fiction 27 (1): 77-102.
  20. O'SHAUGHNESSY, N. (2004). Politics and Propaganda: Weapons of Mass Seduction. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  21. RECORDARE, A., G. COLA, T. FAGNI, and M. TESCONI. (2024). “Unveiling Online Conspiracy Theorists: A Text-Based Approach and Characterization.” arXiv:2405.12566. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2405.12566.
  22. REISZ, K., and G. MILLAR. (2010). The Technique of Film Editing. 2nd ed. Oxford: Focal Press.
  23. RIEFENSTAHL, L., dir. (1935). Triumph of the Will. Reichsparteitag-Film.
  24. ROSS ARGUEDAS, A., C.T. ROBERTSON, R. FLETCHER, and R.K. NIELSEN. (2022). Echo Chambers, Filter Bubbles, and Polarisation: A Literature Review. Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://doi.org/10.60625/RISJ-ETXJ-7K60.
  25. RYLANCE, D. (2005). “Breech Birth: The Reception of D.W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation.” Australasian Journal of American Studies 24 (2): 1-20.
  26. SHULTZ, R.H., and R. GODSON. (1984). Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy. Washington: Pergamon-Brassey's.
  27. SONTAG, S. (1975). “Fascinating Fascism.” The New York Review of Books, February 6.
  28. SPROULE, J.M. (2005). Propaganda and Democracy: The American Experience of Media and Mass Persuasion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  29. THOMSON, D. (2010). The New Biographical Dictionary of Film. 5th ed. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.