Journals / The Online Journal of Recreation and Sports / 2026 / Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3

Development of the Sport–Education Dilemma Scale: A Psychometric Examination Based on Classical Test Theory and Item Response Theory

Spor–Eğitim İkilemi Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi: Klasik Test Kuramı ve Madde Tepki Kuramına Dayalı Psikometrik İnceleme

Burhan Özkurt(Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi)0000-0001-9745-9624
Yasin Altın(SİVAS CUMHURİYET ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-5854-8007
Esra Akbaş Kekeç(SİVAS CUMHURİYET ÜNİVERSİTESİ, EĞİTİM BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ, EĞİTİM BİLİMLERİ (YL) (TEZLİ))0009-0005-6992-1275
Pages
411–430
Publication Date
2026-07-31
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Overall, the findings provide psychometric evidence that the Sport–Education Dilemma Scale is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing the level of dilemma experienced by individuals pursuing dual careers in sport and education.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable instrument for measuring the sport–education dilemma experienced by student-athletes in balancing their academic and athletic responsibilities.
📊
Key Findings & Data:After defining the construct to be measured, an item pool was generated based on a review of the literature and qualitative data obtained from 44 student-athletes.
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Conclusion & Impact:Overall, the findings provide psychometric evidence that the Sport–Education Dilemma Scale is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing the level of dilemma experienced by individuals pursuing dual careers in sport and education.
🔬Design:Lab & Field Experiment
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Sporcu öğrenci · spor–eğitim ikilemi · ölçek geliştirme

Abstract

This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable instrument for measuring the sport–education dilemma experienced by student-athletes in balancing their academic and athletic responsibilities. After defining the construct to be measured, an item pool was generated based on a review of the literature and qualitative data obtained from 44 student-athletes. The application form was then prepared following evaluations by subject-matter experts, measurement and evaluation specialists, and language experts. The exploratory study was conducted with 298 student-athletes from different sports branches, aged between 15 and 35 years ((M = 19.46), (SD = 3.93)). Following the removal of outliers, exploratory factor analysis was performed on data from 287 participants. The analyses yielded a unidimensional structure consisting of eight items, accounting for 62% of the total variance. Item factor loadings ranged from .71 to .88. The confirmatory study initially included 1,365 participants aged between 15 and 35 years ((M = 20.14), (SD = 3.39)). After two outliers were removed, the analyses were conducted with 1,363 participants. The single-factor model, in which two error covariances were freely estimated, demonstrated good model fit, (\chi^2(18) = 129.03), RMSEA = .067, SRMR = .021, CFI = .985, and TLI = .977. Standardized factor loadings ranged from .69 to .85, and all factor loadings were statistically significant. Measurement invariance analyses across gender indicated that the scale achieved configural, metric, scalar, and strict invariance. Item analyses based on Classical Test Theory showed that corrected item–total correlations ranged from .66 to .81. Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega coefficients were .93 and .94, respectively, while test–retest reliability was calculated as ICC = .95. With respect to convergent validity, AVE and CR values were .62 and .92, respectively. A significant positive relationship was also found between the sport–education dilemma and athlete burnout ((r = .43), (p < .001)). Within the framework of Item Response Theory, polytomous models were compared, and the Graded Response Model was found to provide a better fit than the Generalized Partial Credit Model according to the information criteria. Item discrimination parameters ranged from 2.13 to 3.69. The threshold parameters were ordered, and all items demonstrated high discrimination. Overall, the findings provide psychometric evidence that the Sport–Education Dilemma Scale is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing the level of dilemma experienced by individuals pursuing dual careers in sport and education.

Özet

Bu araştırmada, sporcu öğrencilerin akademik ve sportif sorumlulukları arasında yaşadıkları spor–eğitim ikilemini ölçmeye yönelik geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Ölçülmek istenen yapı tanımlandıktan sonra literatür taraması ve 44 sporcu öğrenciden elde edilen nitel veriler doğrultusunda madde havuzu oluşturulmuş; alan, ölçme ve değerlendirme ile dil uzmanlarının değerlendirmeleri sonrasında uygulama formu hazırlanmıştır. Keşfedici çalışma, farklı branşlarda spor yapan yaşları 15 ile 35 (19,46±3,93) arasında değişen 298 sporcu öğrenci üzerinde yürütülmüş; uç değerlerin çıkarılmasının ardından 287 gözlemle açımlayıcı faktör analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analizler sonucunda sekiz maddeden oluşan tek boyutlu bir yapı elde edilmiş ve bu yapı toplam varyansın %62’sini açıklamıştır. Maddelerin faktör yükleri ,71 ile ,88 arasında değişmiştir. Doğrulayıcı çalışma başlangıçta yaşları 15 ile 35 (20,14±3,39) arasında değişen 1365 katılımcı ile yürütülmüş, iki uç değerin çıkarılmasının ardından analizler 1363 katılımcı üzerinden gerçekleştirilmiştir. İki hata kovaryansının serbest bırakıldığı tek faktörlü modelin iyi düzeyde uyum gösterdiği belirlenmiştir, χ²(18) = 129,03, RMSEA = ,067, SRMR = ,021, CFI = ,985, TLI = ,977. Standardize edilmiş faktör yükleri ,69 ile ,85 arasında değişmiş ve tüm faktör yükleri istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur. Cinsiyete göre yürütülen ölçme değişmezliği analizleri, ölçeğin biçimsel, metrik, skalar ve katı değişmezlik düzeylerini sağladığını göstermiştir. Klasik Test Kuramı’na dayalı madde analizlerinde düzeltilmiş madde-toplam korelasyonlarının ,66 ile ,81 arasında değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Cronbach alfa ve McDonald omega katsayıları sırasıyla ,93 ve ,94, test-tekrar test güvenirliği ise ICC = ,95 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Yakınsak geçerlik kapsamında AVE = ,62 ve CR = ,92 olarak belirlenmiş; spor–eğitim ikilemi ile sporcu tükenmişliği arasında pozitif yönlü anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur (r = ,43, p < ,001). Madde Tepki Kuramı kapsamında politomik modeller karşılaştırılmış ve bilgi kriterleri açısından Kademeli Tepki Modeli’nin Genelleştirilmiş Kısmi Kredi Modeli’ne göre daha uygun olduğu görülmüştür. Madde ayırt edicilik parametreleri 2,13 ile 3,69 arasında değişmiş; eşik parametrelerinin sıralı olduğu ve tüm maddelerin yüksek ayırt edicilik gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, elde edilen bulgular Spor–Eğitim İkilemi Ölçeği’nin spor ve eğitim alanında çift kariyer sürdüren bireylerin bu iki rol arasında yaşadıkları ikilem düzeyini belirlemede geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğuna ilişkin psikometrik kanıtlar sunmaktadır.

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Cite This Article

Özkurt, B., Altın, Y., Kekeç, E. A. (2026). Development of the Sport–Education Dilemma Scale: A Psychometric Examination Based on Classical Test Theory and Item Response Theory. The Online Journal of Recreation and Sports, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 411–430. https://doi.org/10.22282/tojras.1958062

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