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Journals / The Online Journal of Recreation and Sports / 2026 / Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3

Effect of Bruce and Wingate Protocols on PGC-1α in Well-Trained Endurance Athletes

İyi Antirene Dayanıklılık Sporcularında Bruce ve Wingate Protokollerinin PGC-1α Üzerine Etkisi

İbrahim Orkun Akcan(ERZİNCAN BİNALİ YILDIRIM ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-6983-2145
Sibel Tetik(ERZINCAN BINALI YILDIRIM UNIVERSITY)0000-0001-6813-0969
Süleyman Gönülateş(Pamukkale Üniversitesi)0000-0003-3330-7685
Pages
291–303
Publication Date
2026-07-31
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

This suggests that aerobic exercise may be more effective in enhancing transcriptional activity related to mitochondrial biogenesis.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:PGC-1α (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha) is a transcriptional coactivator that plays a key role in exercise-induced metabolic adaptations.
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Key Findings & Data:The purpose of this study is to compare serum PGC-1α levels before and after aerobic and anaerobic power tests in well-trained endurance athletes.
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Conclusion & Impact:This suggests that aerobic exercise may be more effective in enhancing transcriptional activity related to mitochondrial biogenesis.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:PGC-1α · Aerobik güç · Anaerobik güç

Abstract

PGC-1α (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha) is a transcriptional coactivator that plays a key role in exercise-induced metabolic adaptations. The purpose of this study is to compare serum PGC-1α levels before and after aerobic and anaerobic power tests in well-trained endurance athletes. Twenty-five healthy male cross-country skiers with an average age of 20.56 ± 2.27 years, who had at least three years of endurance training experience and trained regularly at least 5 days a week, were included in the study using cluster sampling. Two different test protocols were applied to the participants 48 hours apart: the Wingate anaerobic power test and the Bruce treadmill protocol. The Wingate test was used to assess anaerobic capacity, while the Bruce protocol was used to evaluate maximal aerobic capacity. Blood samples were taken at three time points: before each test (in the morning in a fasting state), 2 hours after, and 48 hours after, and serum PGC-1α levels were analyzed using the ELISA method. A mixed design ANOVA was used to examine the time-dependent changes within each protocol, while a one-way ANOVA was used for inter-protocol comparisons. Both test protocols produced significant time-dependent increases in serum PGC-1α levels (Bruce: p < .001, η² = .456; Wingate: p = .020, η² = .953). Statistically significant differences were found between the pre- and post-tests in both protocols (p < .05). In inter-protocol comparison, significant differences were only observed in pre-test values (p = .05). The average PGC-1α levels (ng/mL) were as follows: Bruce – pre-test: 4.949 ± 0.807, 2 hours: 5.739 ± 1.050, 48 hours: 6.343 ± 1.001; Wingate – pre-test: 3.984 ± 1.037, 2 hours: 4.622 ± 0.782, 48 hours: 5.254 ± 0.747. Both aerobic and anaerobic exercise protocols lead to significant increases in serum PGC-1α levels. However, the Bruce treadmill protocol appears to elicit this increase more strongly. This suggests that aerobic exercise may be more effective in enhancing transcriptional activity related to mitochondrial biogenesis.

Özet

PGC-1α (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha), egzersize bağlı metabolik adaptasyonlarda kilit rol oynayan bir transkripsiyonel koaktivördür. Bu çalışmanın amacı, iyi antrene edilmiş dayanıklılık sporcularında aerobik ve anaerobik güç testleri öncesi ve sonrası serum PGC-1α düzeylerini karşılaştırmaktır. Yöntem: En az 3 yıllık dayanıklılık antrenman geçmişine sahip ve haftada en az 5 gün düzenli olarak antrenman yapan, yaş ortalaması 20.56 ± 2.27 yıl olan 25 sağlıklı erkek kayak kros sporcusu, küme örnekleme yöntemiyle çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Katılımcılara 48 saat arayla iki farklı test protokolü uygulanmıştır: Wingate anaerobik güç testi ve Bruce treadmill protokolü. Wingate testi anaerobik kapasiteyi, Bruce protokolü ise maksimal aerobik kapasiteyi değerlendirmek amacıyla uygulanmıştır. Her test öncesi (sabah açlık durumunda), 2 saat sonrası ve 48 saat sonrası olmak üzere üç zaman noktasında kan örnekleri alınarak serum PGC-1α düzeyleri ELISA yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. İstatistiksel Analiz: Her bir protokolde zamana bağlı değişimi incelemek amacıyla tekrarlı ölçümlerde karma desen ANOVA analizi, protokoller arası karşılaştırmalar için ise tek yönlü ANOVA uygulanmıştır. Bulgular: Her iki test protokolü de serum PGC-1α düzeylerinde zamana bağlı anlamlı artışlar oluşturmuştur (Bruce: p< .001, η² = .456; Wingate: p = .020, η² = .953). Her iki protokolde de ön-ara ve ön-son testler arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark tespit edilmiştir (p< .05). Protokoller arası karşılaştırmada sadece test öncesi değerlerde anlamlı farklılık saptanmıştır (p = .05). Ortalama PGC-1α düzeyleri (ng/mL) şu şekildedir: Bruce – ön test: 4.949 ± 0.807, 2. saat: 5.739 ± 1.050, 48. saat: 6.343 ± 1.001; Wingate – ön test: 3.984 ± 1.037, 2. saat: 4.622 ± 0.782, 48. saat: 5.254 ± 0.747. Sonuç: Hem aerobik hem de anaerobik egzersiz protokolleri serum PGC-1α düzeylerinde anlamlı artışa yol açmaktadır. Ancak Bruce treadmill protokolünün bu artışı daha güçlü şekilde tetiklediği görülmektedir. Bu durum, aerobik egzersizin mitokondriyal biyogenezle ilişkili transkripsiyonel aktiviteyi artırmada daha etkili olabileceğini göstermektedir.

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Cite This Article

Akcan, İ. O., Tetik, S., Gönülateş, S. (2026). Effect of Bruce and Wingate Protocols on PGC-1α in Well-Trained Endurance Athletes. The Online Journal of Recreation and Sports, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 291–303. https://doi.org/10.22282/tojras.1825561

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