SavedAdd your journal

Journals / International Journal of Sport Culture and Science / 2026 / Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2

The Moderating Role of Trainer–Member Communication Quality in the Relationship Between Appearance-Related Social Media Awareness and Exercise Addiction

Görünümle İlişkili Sosyal Medya Bilinci ile Egzersiz Bağımlılığı Arasındaki İlişkide Antrenör–Üye İletişim Kalitesinin Düzenleyici Rolü

Bekir Sami Nakkaş(KIRIKKALE UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SPORTS SCIENCE)0009-0000-5203-2221
Murat Uygurtaş(KIRIKKALE UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SPORTS SCIENCE)0000-0001-6479-4194
Pages
156–176
Publication Date
2026-06-30
DOI
—
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Strengthening communication skills among trainers may promote healthier exercise engagement in sports centers.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Appearance-related social media awareness has been associated with maladaptive exercise behaviors, yet this relationship may depend on interpersonal dynamics within fitness environments.
📊
Key Findings & Data:This study examined the association between appearance-related social media awareness and exercise addiction among sports center members and tested whether trainer–member communication quality moderates this relationship.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Strengthening communication skills among trainers may promote healthier exercise engagement in sports centers.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Egzersiz Bağımlılığı · Görünümle İlişkili Sosyal Medya Bilinci · Antrenör–Üye İletişim Kalitesi

Abstract

Appearance-related social media awareness has been associated with maladaptive exercise behaviors, yet this relationship may depend on interpersonal dynamics within fitness environments. This study examined the association between appearance-related social media awareness and exercise addiction among sports center members and tested whether trainer–member communication quality moderates this relationship. A total of 315 adult sports center members (mean age = 31.2 ± 8.5 years; 58% female) participated in the study. Data were collected using the Appearance-Related Social Media Awareness Scale, the Exercise Addiction Scale, and a trainer–member communication quality scale. Moderation analysis was conducted using Hayes’ PROCESS macro (Model 1) with 5,000 bootstrap samples. Appearance-related social media awareness was positively associated with the tolerance and positive outcome expectancy dimension of exercise addiction. Trainer–member communication quality significantly moderated this relationship. The positive association was strong at low levels of communication quality but became nonsignificant at high levels. Johnson–Neyman analysis indicated that the effect disappeared when communication quality exceeded the upper quartile of the sample. High-quality trainer–member communication functions as a protective factor by buffering the influence of appearance-focused social media awareness on exercise addiction. Strengthening communication skills among trainers may promote healthier exercise engagement in sports centers.

Özet

Görünümle ilişkili sosyal medya bilinci, uyumsuz egzersiz davranışlarıyla ilişkilendirilmektedir; ancak bu ilişkinin spor ortamlarındaki kişilerarası dinamiklere bağlı olarak değişebileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, spor merkezi üyelerinde görünümle ilişkili sosyal medya bilinci ile egzersiz bağımlılığı arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek ve antrenör–üye iletişim kalitesinin bu ilişkide düzenleyici rolünü test etmektir. Araştırmaya toplam 315 yetişkin spor merkezi üyesi (ortalama yaş = 31,2 ± 8,5; %58 kadın) katılmıştır. Veriler, Görünümle İlişkili Sosyal Medya Bilinci Ölçeği, Egzersiz Bağımlılığı Ölçeği ve Antrenör–Üye İletişim Kalitesi Ölçeği kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Düzenleyici etki analizi, Hayes’in PROCESS makrosu (Model 1) kullanılarak ve 5.000 bootstrap örneklemesi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bulgular, görünümle ilişkili sosyal medya bilincinin egzersiz bağımlılığının tolerans ve olumlu sonuç beklentisi boyutu ile pozitif yönde ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca, antrenör–üye iletişim kalitesi bu ilişkide anlamlı bir düzenleyici değişken olarak belirlenmiştir. İletişim kalitesinin düşük olduğu durumlarda ilişki güçlü iken, yüksek iletişim kalitesinde bu ilişki anlamsız hâle gelmiştir. Johnson–Neyman analizi, iletişim kalitesi örneklemin üst çeyreğini aştığında etkinin ortadan kalktığını göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, yüksek kaliteli antrenör–üye iletişimi, görünüm odaklı sosyal medya bilincinin egzersiz bağımlılığı üzerindeki etkisini zayıflatan koruyucu bir faktör olarak işlev görmektedir. Spor merkezlerinde antrenörlerin iletişim becerilerinin güçlendirilmesi, daha sağlıklı egzersiz katılımını destekleyebilir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Nakkaş, B. S., Uygurtaş, M. (2026). The Moderating Role of Trainer–Member Communication Quality in the Relationship Between Appearance-Related Social Media Awareness and Exercise Addiction. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 156–176. https://ajindex.com/articles/1498227

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (33)

  1. Allegre, B.,Souville, M., Therme, P., & Griffiths, M. (2006). Definitions and measures of exercise dependence. Addiction Research & Theory, 14(6), 631–646. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066350600903302
  2. Badenes-Ribera, L., Silver, N. C., & Pedroli, E. (2020). Editorial: Scale development and score validation. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 799. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00799
  3. Boateng, G. O., Neilands, T. B., Frongillo, E. A., Melgar-Quiñonez, H. R., & Young, S. L. (2018). Best practices for developing and validating scales for health, social, and behavioral research: A primer. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 149. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149
  4. Brennan, C., Ellis, D. A., & Heyes, K. (2023). Researching social media: Qualitative and mixed-methods research approaches. In A. House & C. Brennan (Eds.), Social media and mental health (pp. 45–52). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009024945.008
  5. Corazza, O., Simonato, P., Demetrovics, Z., Mooney, R., Van De Ven, K., Roman-Urrestarazu, A., Rácmolnár, L., De Luca, I., Cinosi, E., Santacroce, R., Marini, M., Wellsted, D., Sullivan, K., Bersani, F. S., & Martinotti, G. (2019). The emergence of exercise addiction, body dysmorphic disorder, and other image-related psychopathological correlates in fitness settings: A cross sectional study. PLoS ONE, 14(4), e0213060. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213060
  6. Doğan, M., Elçi, G., & Gürbüz, B. (2022). Egzersiz bağımlılığı ve sosyal görünüş kaygısı ilişkisi. Türkiye Spor BilimleriDergisi, 6(2), 73–82. https://doi.org/10.32706/tusbid.947274
  7. Erdoğan, R., Türkoğlu, F., & Akbulut, T. (2024). Fitness merkezlerine giden bireylerde egzersiz bağımlılığı ve fiziksel görünüş mükemmeliyetçiliği arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi: Tanımlayıcı araştırma. Türkiye Klinikleri Spor BilimleriDergisi, 16(2), 209–219. https://doi.org/10.5336/sportsci.2023-101025
  8. Fardouly, J., & Vartanian, L. R. (2015). Negative comparisons about one's appearance mediate the relationship between Facebook usage and body image concerns. Body Image, 12, 82–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.10.004
  9. Fardouly, J., Diedrichs, P. C., Vartanian, L. R., & Halliwell, E. (2015). Social comparisons on social media: The impact of Facebook on young women’s body image concerns and mood. Body Image, 13, 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.12.002
  10. Flora, D. B., & Flake, J. K. (2017). The purpose and practice of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in psychological research: Decisions for scale development and validation. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 49(2), 78–88. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000069
  11. Goretzko, D., Siemund, K., & Sterner, P. (2024). Evaluating model fit of measurement models in confirmatory factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 84(1), 123–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/00131644231163813 Griffiths, M. D., Urbán, R., Demetrovics, Z., Lichtenstein, M. B., de la Vega, R., Kun, B., Ruiz-Barquín, R., Youngman, J., & Szabo, A. (2015). A cross-cultural re-evaluation of the Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) in five countries. Sports Medicine - Open, 1, 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-014-0005-5
  12. Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
  13. Hazar, Z., &Özpolat, Z. (2023). Fitness yapan bireylerin sosyal görünüş kaygısı, yaşam tatmini ve egzersiz bağımlılığı düzeylerinin bazı değişkenlere gore incelenmesi (Ağrı ili örneği). Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Spor BilimleriDergisi, 4(1), 8–15.
  14. Holland, G., & Tiggemann, M. (2016). A systematic review of the impact of the use of social networking sites on body image and disordered eating outcomes. Body Image, 17, 100–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.02.008
  15. Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  16. Jowett, S. (2007). Interdependence analysis and the 3 + 1 Cs in the coach–athlete relationship. In S. Jowett & D. Lavallee (Eds.), Social psychology of sport (pp. 57–69). Human Kinetics.
  17. Jowett, S., & Ntoumanis, N. (2004). The coach–athlete relationship questionnaire (CART-Q): Development and initial validation. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 14(4), 245–257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2003.00338.x
  18. Kutlu, Z., Çınar, M., İbiş, S., & Aktuğ, Z. B. (2023). Farklı amaçlarla egzersiz yapan bireylerin egzersiz bağımlılıkları ile sosyal görünüş kaygılarının karşılaştırılması. Türk Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(2), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.46385/tsbd.1344396
  19. Lichtenstein, M. B., Christiansen, E., Elklit, A., Bilenberg, N., & Støving, R. K. (2014). Exercise addiction: A study of eating disorder symptoms, quality of life, personality traits and attachment styles. Psychiatry Research, 215(2), 410–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.11.010
  20. Ntoumanis, N., Quested, E., Reeve, J., & Cheon, S. H. (2018). Communication strategies in sport. In R. C. Eklund & G. Tenenbaum (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (4th ed., pp. 456–472). Wiley.
  21. Öngören, B., Durdu, Z., Dongaz, Ö. İ., Bayar, B., & Bayar, K. (2021). Görünümle ilişkili sosyal medya bilinç ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Karya Journal of Health Science, 2(2), 33–38.
  22. Orçan, F. (2018). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Which one to use first? Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi, 9(4), 414–421.
  23. Perloff, R. M. (2014). Social media effects on young women’s body image concerns: Theoretical perspectives and an agenda for research. Sex Roles, 71(11–12), 363–377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0384-6
  24. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
  25. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2020). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation from a self determination theory perspective: Definitions, theory, practices, and future directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 61, 101860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101860
  26. Saiphoo, A. N., & Vahedi, Z. (2019). A meta-analytic review of the relationship between social media use and body image disturbance. Computers in Human Behavior, 101, 259–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.07.028
  27. Snelson, C. L. (2016). Qualitative and mixed methods social media research: A review of the literature. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 15(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406915624574
  28. Teixeira, P. J., Marques, M. M., Silva, M. N., Brunet, J., Duda, J. L., Haerens, L., La Guardia, J., Lindwall, M., Lonsdale, C., Markland, D., Michie, S., Moller, A. C., Ntoumanis, N., Patrick, H., Reeve, J., Ryan, R. M., Sebire, S. J., Standage, M., Vansteenkiste, M.,. Hagger, M. S. (2020). Classification of motivation and behavior change techniques in self-determination theory–based interventions. Motivation Science, 6(4), 438–455. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000172
  29. Tekkurşun Demir, G., Hazar, Z., &Namlı, S. (2018). Egzersiz bağımlılığı ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 26(3), 875–884.
  30. Terry, A., Szabo, A., & Griffiths, M. (2004). The Exercise Addiction Inventory: A new brief screening tool. Addiction Research & Theory, 12(5), 489–499. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066350310001637363
  31. Tiggemann, M., & Zaccardo, M. (2015). “Exercise to be fit, not skinny”: The effect of fitspiration imagery on women’s body image. Body Image, 15, 61–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.06.003
  32. Vasconcellos, D., Parker, P. D., Hilland, T., Cinelli, R., Owen, K. B., Kapsal, N., Lee, J., Antczak, D., Ntoumanis, N., Ryan, R. M., & Lonsdale, C. (2020). Self-determination theory applied to physical education: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 112(7), 1444–1469. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000420
  33. Teixeira, P. J., Marques, M. M., Silva, M. N., Brunet, J., Duda, J. L., Haerens, L., La Guardia, J., Lindwall, M., Lonsdale, C., Markland, D., Michie, S., Moller, A. C., Ntoumanis, N., Patrick, H., Reeve, J., Ryan, R. M., Sebire, S. J., Standage, M., Vansteenkiste, M.,. Hagger, M. S. (2020). Classification of motivation and behavior change techniques in self-determination theory–based interventions. Motivation Science, 6(4), 438–455. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000172