SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science / 2026 / Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4

Production and Characterization of Polyvinyl Alcohol-Chitosan-Carrageenan Biocomposite Films Containing St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) Oil

Mukaddes Karataş(FIRAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ, MÜHENDİSLİK FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0001-5803-6821
Ramazan Orhan(FIRAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ, MÜHENDİSLİK FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0003-2287-4238
Buket Erzen(FIRAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ, MÜHENDİSLİK FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0001-5098-7171
Ercan Aydoğmuş(FIRAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ, MÜHENDİSLİK FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0002-1643-2487
Pages
1934–1944
Publication Date
2026-07-15
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

SEM results indicated increased surface heterogeneity and phase separation at higher oil contents.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study aims to develop chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol)/carrageenan biocomposite films incorporating Hypericum perforatum (St.
📊
Key Findings & Data:John’s wort) oil (0.1–5%, w/w) and to evaluate the influence of oil incorporation on their structural, mechanical, and dielectric properties.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:SEM results indicated increased surface heterogeneity and phase separation at higher oil contents.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Chitosan · Poly(vinyl alcohol) · Carrageenan

Abstract

This study aims to develop chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol)/carrageenan biocomposite films incorporating Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort) oil (0.1–5%, w/w) and to evaluate the influence of oil incorporation on their structural, mechanical, and dielectric properties. FTIR analysis confirmed strong hydrogen bonding among polymer components and successful oil incorporation without new chemical bond formation. SEM results indicated increased surface heterogeneity and phase separation at higher oil contents. Increasing oil concentration reduced tensile strength (47.1–29.7 MPa), Shore A hardness, density, and dielectric constant (from 4.67 to 3.96), while significantly enhancing tensile strain (30.8–65.7%), demonstrating a plasticizing effect. Overall, it demonstrated that St. John's wort oil can be used as a natural plasticizer in bio-based polymer film applications.

Özet

This study aims to develop chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol)/carrageenan biocomposite films incorporating Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort) oil (0.1–5%, w/w) and to evaluate the influence of oil incorporation on their structural, mechanical, and dielectric properties. FTIR analysis confirmed strong hydrogen bonding among polymer components and successful oil incorporation without new chemical bond formation. SEM results indicated increased surface heterogeneity and phase separation at higher oil contents. Increasing oil concentration reduced tensile strength (47.1–29.7 MPa), Shore A hardness, density, and dielectric constant (from 4.67 to 3.96), while significantly enhancing tensile strain (30.8–65.7%), demonstrating a plasticizing effect. Overall, it demonstrated that St. John's wort oil can be used as a natural plasticizer in bio-based polymer film applications.

🔖

Cite This Article

Karataş, M., Orhan, R., Erzen, B., Aydoğmuş, E. (2026). Production and Characterization of Polyvinyl Alcohol-Chitosan-Carrageenan Biocomposite Films Containing St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) Oil. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4, 1934–1944. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1911047

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (40)

  1. Arıöz, E., Biran Ay, S., & Erkmen, D. (2024). Production and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/chitosan (CH) wound dressings enriched with Hypericum perforatum extract. Journal of Engineering and Basic Sciences, 2(1), 1–7. https://izlik.org/JA23RK98WY
  2. Atarés, L., & Chiralt, A. (2016). Essential oils as additives in biodegradable films and coatings for active food packaging. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 48, 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2015.12.001
  3. Aydin, G., Sirin, N., Kekecoglu, M., Akcay, T. T., Sipahi, N., & Goksu, H. (2021). The use of natural preservative propolis and Hypericum perforatum oil in herbal cream production. International Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research, 2(1), 27–35.
  4. Azimzadeh, B., & Jahadi, M. (2018). Effect of chitosan edible coating with Laurus nobilis extract on shelf life of cashew. Food Science & Nutrition, 6(4), 871–877. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.630
  5. Campo, V. L., Kawano, D. F., da Silva, D. B., & Carvalho, I. (2009). Carrageenans: Biological properties, chemical modifications and structural analysis—A review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 77(2), 167–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.01.020
  6. Denavi, G. A., Pérez-Mateos, M., Añón, M. C., Montero, P., Mauri, A. N., & Gómez-Guillén, M. C. (2009). Structural and functional properties of soy protein isolate and cod gelatin blend films. Food Hydrocolloids, 23(8), 2094–2101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2009.03.007
  7. Dima, C., Cotârlet, M., Alexe, P., & Dima, S. (2014). Microencapsulation of essential oil of pimento (Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr.) by chitosan/k-carrageenan complex coacervation method. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 22, 203–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2013.12.020
  8. El-Hefian, E. A., Nasef, M. M., & Yahaya, A. H. (2010). The preparation and characterization of chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) blended films. E-Journal of Chemistry, 7(4), 1212–1219. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/626235
  9. Eroglu, E., & Girgin, S. N. (2021). A unique phenolic extraction method from olive oil macerate of Hypericum perforatum using DMSO: Assessment of in vitro anticancer activity, LC-MS/MS profile, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. South African Journal of Botany, 139, 6–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2021.01.015
  10. Gaaz, T. S., Sulong, A. B., Akhtar, M. N., Kadhum, A. A. H., Mohamad, A. B., & Al-Amiery, A. A. (2015). Properties and Applications of Polyvinyl Alcohol, Halloysite Nanotubes and Their Nanocomposites. Molecules, 20(12), 22833-22847. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules201219884
  11. González, A., Gastelú, G., Barrera, G. N., Ribotta, P. D., & Igarzabal, C. I. Á. (2019). Preparation and characterization of soy protein films reinforced with cellulose nanofibers obtained from soybean by-products. Food Hydrocolloids, 89, 758–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.11.051
  12. Guohua, Z., Ya, L., Cuilan, F., Min, Z., Caiqiong, Z., & Zongdao, C. (2006). Water resistance, mechanical properties and biodegradability of methylated cornstarch/poly(vinyl alcohol) blend film. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 91(4), 703–711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.06.008
  13. Güneş, S., & Tıhmınlıoğlu, F. (2017). Hypericum perforatum incorporated chitosan films as potential bioactive wound dressing material. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 102, 933–943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.080
  14. Gürler, N. (2020b). Physical and Mechanical Properties of Citric Acid Modified Corn Starch/Microcrystalline Cellulose Films. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 6(2), 179–185. https://doi.org/10.29132/ijpas.785250
  15. Gürler, N., Paşa, S., Alma, M. H., & Temel, H. (2020a). The fabrication of bilayer polylactic acid films from cross-linked starch as eco-friendly biodegradable materials: Synthesis, characterization, mechanical and physical properties. European Polymer Journal, 127, Article 109588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109588
  16. Hilliou, L., Larotonda, F. D. S., Abreu, P., Ramos, A. M., Sereno, A. M., & Gonçalves, M. P. (2006). Effect of extraction parameters on the chemical structure and gel properties of κ/ι-hybrid carrageenans obtained from Mastocarpus stellatus. Biomolecular Engineering, 23(4), 201–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioeng.2006.04.003
  17. Jarzębski, M., Smułek, W., Baranowska, H. M., Masewicz, Ł., Kobus-Cisowska, J., Ligaj, M., & Kaczorek, E. (2020). Characterization of St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) and the impact of filtration process on bioactive extracts incorporated into carbohydrate-based hydrogels. Food Hydrocolloids, 104, Article 105748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105748
  18. Karaer Yağmur, H. (2025). Green synthesis of glycerol-plasticized chitosan biofilms containing macerated St. John’s wort oil. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 11(2), 460–471. https://doi.org/10.29132/ijpas.1666550
  19. Karataş, M., Erzen, B., Aydoğmuş, E., & Orhan, R. (2025). PVA/chitosan biofilms enriched with biosynthesized silver nanoparticles and tea tree oil: Towards multifunctional and environmentally friendly materials. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 312, Article 144164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.144164
  20. Lei, R., Jie, X., Jun, X., & Ruiyun, Z. (1994). Structure and properties of polyvinyl alcohol amidoxime chelate fiber. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 53(3), 325–329. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070530309
  21. Li, L., Wu, C., Chen, Q., Shi, Z., Xu, K., Niu, Y., & Rao, X. (2025). Preparation of dehydroabietic acid modified chitosan/wintergreen essential oil film and mandarin freshness preservation study. Food Chemistry, 464(Part 3), Article 141836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.141836
  22. Limpan, N., Prodpran, T., Benjakul, S., & Prasarpran, S. (2010). Properties of biodegradable blend films based on fish myofibrillar protein and polyvinyl alcohol as influenced by blend composition and pH level. Journal of Food Engineering, 100(1), 85–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.03.031
  23. Menazea, A. A., Ismail, A. M., Awwad, N. S., & Ibrahium, H. A. (2020). Physical characterization and antibacterial activity of PVA/chitosan matrix doped by selenium nanoparticles prepared via one-pot laser ablation route. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 9(5), 9598–9606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.06.077
  24. Naidu, B. V. K., Sairam, M., Raju, K. V., & Aminabhavi, T. M. (2005). Thermal, viscoelastic, solution and membrane properties of sodium alginate/hydroxyethylcellulose blends. Carbohydrate Polymers, 61(1), 52–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.02.007
  25. Öztaş, N., Kara, E., Demir, D., Yetkin, D., Ceylan, S., & İyigündoğdu, Z. (2024). Biologically active sodium pentaborate pentahydrate and Hypericum perforatum oil loaded polyvinyl alcohol: Chitosan membranes. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 269(Part 2), Article 132133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132133
  26. Paula, G. A., Benevides, N. M. B., Cunha, A. P., de Oliveira, A. V., Pinto, A. M. B., Morais, J. P. S., & Azeredo, H. M. C. (2015). Development and characterization of edible films from mixtures of κ-carrageenan, ι-carrageenan, and alginate. Food Hydrocolloids, 47, 140–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.01.004
  27. Pereda, M., Amica, G., & Marcovich, N. E. (2012). Development and characterization of edible chitosan/olive oil emulsion films. Carbohydrate Polymers, 87(2), 1318–1325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.09.019
  28. Perumal, T., Krebs De Souza, C., Nihues, T. C., Jain, P., Gaikwad, K. K., & Roy, S. (2025). A review on biopolymer-based oil and water-resistant functional paper coating for food packaging. Food Bioscience, 63, Article 105656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2024.105656
  29. Pervin, R., Ghosh, P., & Basavaraj, M. G. (2021). Engineering polymer film porosity for solvent triggered actuation. Soft Matter, 17(10), 2900–2912. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0SM01772H
  30. Purnamawati, R. F. L. F., & Sembiring, R. (2019). Preparation of magnetic chitosan beads for heavy metal ions removal from water. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 276(1), Article 012004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/276/1/012004
  31. Puscaselu, R. G., Lobiuc, A., Sirbu, I. O., & Covasa, M. (2022). The use of biopolymers as a natural matrix for incorporation of essential oils of medicinal plants. Gels, 8(11), Article 756. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8110756
  32. Ren, L., Yan, X., Zhou, J., Tong, J., & Su, X. (2017). Influence of chitosan concentration on mechanical and barrier properties of corn starch/chitosan films. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 105, 1636–1643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.02.008
  33. Shanmugasundram, H. P. P. V., Jayamani, E., & Soon, K. H. (2025). Review: Classification, theories, and methodologies concerning bio-based polymer dielectric composites. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 209, Article 115026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2024.115026
  34. Torğut, G., Yazdıç, F. C., & Gürler, N. (2022). Synthesis, characterization, pH-sensitive swelling and antimicrobial activities of chitosan–graft-poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogel composites for biomedical applications. Polymer Engineering & Science, 62(8), 2552–2559. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26040
  35. Wardhono, E. Y., Pinem, M. P., Susilo, S., Siom, B. J., Sudrajad, A., Pramono, A., Meliana, Y., & Guénin, E. (2022). Modification of physio-mechanical properties of chitosan-based films via physical treatment approach. Polymers, 14(23), Article 5216. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14235216
  36. Woźniak, M., Młodziejewska, J., Stefanowska, K., Mrówczyńska, L., Sip, A., Dobrucka, R., & Ratajczak, I. (2024). Chitosan-based films with essential oil components for food packaging. Coatings, 14(7), 830. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14070830
  37. Xiao, C., Gao, S., & Zhang, L. (2000). Blend films from konjac glucomannan and sodium alginate solutions and their preservative effect. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 77(3), 617–626. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(20000718)77:3 3.0.CO;2-1
  38. Yang, L., Zhou, C., Liu, Y., Zhao, S., Zhang, J., Wang, L., & Devahastin, S. (2024). Enhanced mechanical properties and antibacterial activities of chitosan films through incorporating zein–gallic acid conjugate stabilized cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 258, Article 128933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128933
  39. Yeşilyurt, A., Mayakrishnan, G., Parın, U., Kim, I. S., Parın, F. N., & Ullah, A. (2025). Design and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol/kappa-carrageenan Pickering emulsion biocomposite films for potential wound care applications. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 113(1), Article e37850. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.37850
  40. Zhang, L., Zhang, G., Lu, J., & Liang, H. (2013). Preparation and characterization of carboxymethyl cellulose/polyvinyl alcohol blend film as a potential coating material. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 52(2), 163–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2012.734361