Journals / Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section B: Chemical Engineering / 2026 / Volume: 2026

Smart Dimethylacrylamide/Gelatin–Rosa Hydrogels for Application in Food Packaging Materials

Duygu Alpaslan(VAN YÜZÜNCÜ YIL ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-6007-3397
Pages
—
Publication Date
2026-05-16
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The combination of mechanical robustness, bioactivity, and intelligent colorimetric response positions p(Gelatin-co-DMAAm)/CA-RE as a sustainable, multifunctional smart packaging platform with potential extensions to biomedical and other functional material applications.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:A multifunctional bio-based hydrogel, p(Gelatin-co- N,N-dimethylacrylamide) Citric acid-Rosa Extract (p(Gelatin-co-DMAAm)/CA-RE), was developed as a smart food packaging material.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Characterization by Thermo-gravimetric, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Dynamic mechanical analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy (DMA, TGA, FT-IR, and SEM) confirmed network formation, thermal stability up to 527°C, and molecular interactions between polymer components and RE.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The combination of mechanical robustness, bioactivity, and intelligent colorimetric response positions p(Gelatin-co-DMAAm)/CA-RE as a sustainable, multifunctional smart packaging platform with potential extensions to biomedical and other functional material applications.
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Functional hydrogel · p(Gelatin-co-DMAAm)/CA-RE · Smart food packaging

Abstract

A multifunctional bio-based hydrogel, p(Gelatin-co- N,N-dimethylacrylamide) Citric acid-Rosa Extract (p(Gelatin-co-DMAAm)/CA-RE), was developed as a smart food packaging material. Synthesized via redox polymerization of N,N-dimethylacrylamide, gelatin, citric acid, and Rosa extract (RE), the hydrogel formed robust films with enhanced mechanical strength and water resistance through crosslinking with citric acid and MBA. Entrapped RE imparted antioxidant, antimicrobial, and pH-responsive colorimetric properties, enabling real-time monitoring of food freshness. Characterization by Thermo-gravimetric, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Dynamic mechanical analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy (DMA, TGA, FT-IR, and SEM) confirmed network formation, thermal stability up to 527°C, and molecular interactions between polymer components and RE. The hydrogel exhibited effective antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli , Bacillus subtilis , and Staphylococcus aureus , while rapid and visible color changes under varying pH highlighted its sensing capability. Application to pasteurized milk and cheese demonstrated simultaneous microbial inhibition and spoilage detection. The combination of mechanical robustness, bioactivity, and intelligent colorimetric response positions p(Gelatin-co-DMAAm)/CA-RE as a sustainable, multifunctional smart packaging platform with potential extensions to biomedical and other functional material applications.

🔖

Cite This Article

Alpaslan, D. (2026). Smart Dimethylacrylamide/Gelatin–Rosa Hydrogels for Application in Food Packaging Materials. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section B: Chemical Engineering, Volume: 2026. https://doi.org/10.58692/jotcsb.1811930

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (64)

  1. Abou-Arab, A. A., Abu-Salem, F. M., & Abou-Arab, E. A. (2011). Physico-chemical properties of natural pigments (anthocyanin) extracted from Roselle calyces (Hibiscus subdariffa). Journal of American Science, 7(7), 445–456.
  2. Alpaslan, D. (2019). Use of colorimetric hydrogel as an indicator for food packaging applications. Bulletin of Materials Science, 42(5), 247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-019-1908-z
  3. Alpaslan, D., Sahiner, M., Yuceer, Y., Akcali, A., Aktas, N., & Sahiner, N. (2016). Milk hydrogels as nutrient media and survival rate enhancer under cryogenic conditions for different microorganisms. Polymer Bulletin, 73(12), 3351–3370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-016-1660-0
  4. Angelov, G., Boyadzhieva, S., & Georgieva, S. (2014). Rosehip extraction: Process optimization and antioxidant capacity of extracts. Open Chemistry, 12(4), 502–508. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11532-013-0395-0 Baranac, J. M., Petranović, N. A., & Dimitrić-Marković, J. M. (1996). Spectrophotometric Study of Anthocyan Copigmentation Reactions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 44(5), 1333–1336. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf950420l
  5. Biji, K. B., Ravishankar, C. N., Mohan, C. O., & Srinivasa Gopal, T. K. (2015). Smart packaging systems for food applications: A review. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 52(10), 6125–6135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-015-1766-7
  6. Bobelyn, E., Hertog, M. L. A. T. M., & Nicolaï, B. M. (2006). Applicability of an enzymatic time temperature integrator as a quality indicator for mushrooms in the distribution chain. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 42(1), 104–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2006.05.011
  7. Bondre, S., Patil, P., Kulkarni, A., & Pillai, M. (2012). Study on isolation and purification of anthocyanins and its application as pH indicator. International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research, 3(3), 698–702.
  8. Bot, A., Van Amerongen, I. A., Groot, R. D., Hoekstra, N. L., & Agterof, W. G. M. (1996). Large deformation rheology of gelatin gels. Polymer Gels and Networks, 4(3), 189–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/0966-7822(96)00011-1
  9. Boulton, R. (2001). The Copigmentation of Anthocyanins and Its Role in the Color of Red Wine: A Critical Review. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 52(2), 67–87. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2001.52.2.67
  10. Brouillard, R., & Delaporte, B. (1977). Chemistry of anthocyanin pigments. 2. Kinetic and thermodynamic study of proton transfer, hydration, and tautomeric reactions of malvidin 3-glucoside. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 99(26), 8461–8468.
  11. Bylka, W., Matlawska, I., & Pilewski, N. (2004). Natural flavonoids as antimicrobial agents. Jana, 7(2), 24–31.
  12. Childs, R. E., & Bardsley, W. G. (1975). The steady-state kinetics of peroxidase with 2,2′-azino-di-(3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) as chromogen. Biochemical Journal, 145(1), 93–103. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj1450093
  13. De Jong, A. R., Boumans, H., Slaghek, T., Van Veen, J., Rijk, R., & Van Zandvoort, M. (2005). Active and intelligent packaging for food: Is it the future? Food Additives and Contaminants, 22(10), 975–979. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030500336254
  14. Demitri, C., Del Sole, R., Scalera, F., Sannino, A., Vasapollo, G., Maffezzoli, A., Ambrosio, L., & Nicolais, L. (2008). Novel superabsorbent cellulose‐based hydrogels crosslinked with citric acid. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 110(4), 2453–2460. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.28660
  15. Denny, S., West, P. W. J., & Mathew, T. C. (2008). Antagonistic interactions between the flavonoids hesperetin and naringenin and β-lactam antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus. British Journal of Biomedical Science, 65(3), 145–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/09674845.2008.11732819
  16. Dobrucka, R., & Cierpiszewski, R. (2014). Active and intelligent packaging food-research and development-a review. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 64(1).
  17. Fossen, T., Cabrita, L., & Andersen, O. M. (1998). Colour and stability of pure anthocyanins influenced by pH including the alkaline region. Food Chemistry, 63(4), 435–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00065-X
  18. Ghanbarzadeh, B., Almasi, H., & Entezami, A. A. (2011). Improving the barrier and mechanical properties of corn starch-based edible films: Effect of citric acid and carboxymethyl cellulose. Industrial Crops and Products, 33(1), 229–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.10.016
  19. Giusti, M. M., & Wrolstad, R. E. (2001). Characterization and measurement of anthocyanins by UV-visible spectroscopy. Current Protocols in Food Analytical Chemistry, (1), F1-2.
  20. Gordillo, B., Cejudo-Bastante, M. J., Rodríguez-Pulido, F. J., Jara-Palacios, M. J., Ramírez-Pérez, P., González-Miret, M. L., & Heredia, F. J. (2014). Impact of Adding White Pomace to Red Grapes on the Phenolic Composition and Color Stability of Syrah Wines from a Warm Climate. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62(12), 2663–2671. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf405574x
  21. Gordillo, B., Rodríguez-Pulido, F. J., Escudero-Gilete, M. L., González-Miret, M. L., & Heredia, F. J. (2012). Comprehensive Colorimetric Study of Anthocyanic Copigmentation in Model Solutions. Effects of pH and Molar Ratio. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60(11), 2896–2905. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf2046202
  22. Guerrero C, J., Ciampi P, L., Castilla C, A., Medel S, F., Schalchli S, H., Hormazabal U, E., Bensch T, E., & Alberdi L, M. (2011). Antioxidant capacity, anthocyanins, and total phenols of wild and cultivated berries in Chile.
  23. Heredia, F. J., Francia-Aricha, E. M., Rivas-Gonzalo, J. C., Vicario, I. M., & Santos-Buelga, C. (1998). Chromatic characterization of anthocyanins from red grapes—I. pH effect. Food Chemistry, 63(4), 491–498. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00051-X
  24. Huis In’T Veld, J. H. J. (1996). Microbial and biochemical spoilage of foods: An overview. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 33(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1605(96)01139-7
  25. Hurtado, N. H., Morales, A. L., González-Miret, M. L., Escudero-Gilete, M. L., & Heredia, F. J. (2009). Colour, pH stability and antioxidant activity of anthocyanin rutinosides isolated from tamarillo fruit (Solanum betaceum Cav.). Food Chemistry, 117(1), 88–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.03.081
  26. Ignat, I., Volf, I., & Popa, V. I. (2011). A critical review of methods for characterisation of polyphenolic compounds in fruits and vegetables. Food Chemistry, 126(4), 1821–1835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.12.026
  27. Ilyasoğlu, H. (2014). Characterization of Rosehip ( Rosa canina L. ) Seed and Seed Oil. International Journal of Food Properties, 17(7), 1591–1598. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2013.777075
  28. Jaakola, L., Määttä, K., Pirttilä, A. M., Törrönen, R., Kärenlampi, S., & Hohtola, A. (2002). Expression of Genes Involved in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Relation to Anthocyanin, Proanthocyanidin, and Flavonol Levels during Bilberry Fruit Development. Plant Physiology, 130(2), 729–739. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.006957
  29. Kathuria, N., Tripathi, A., Kar, K., & Kumar, A. (2009). Synthesis and characterization of elastic and macroporous chitosan–gelatin cryogels for tissue engineering. Acta Biomaterialia, 5(1), 406–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2008.07.009
  30. Kerry, J. P., O’Grady, M. N., & Hogan, S. A. (2006). Past, current and potential utilisation of active and intelligent packaging systems for meat and muscle-based products: A review. Meat Science, 74(1), 113–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2006.04.024
  31. Khezerlou, A., Mohammadi, K., Abedini, A., Sani, M. A., Sani, M. A., & McClements, D. J. (2025). Phytochemicals and bioactive functional ingredients from rosa damascena: From extraction to application in the food and healthcare sectors. Food Chemistry: X, 31, 103202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2025.103202
  32. Koponen, J. M., Happonen, A. M., Mattila, P. H., & Törrönen, A. R. (2007). Contents of Anthocyanins and Ellagitannins in Selected Foods Consumed in Finland. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(4), 1612–1619. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf062897a
  33. Kumar, N., Bhandari, P., Singh, B., Gupta, A. P., & Kaul, V. K. (2008). Reversed phase‐HPLC for rapid determination of polyphenols in flowers of rose species. Journal of Separation Science, 31(2), 262–267. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700372
  34. Kumar, S., Gautam, S., & Sharma, A. (2013). Identification of Antimutagenic Properties of Anthocyanins and Other Polyphenols from Rose ( Rosa centifolia ) Petals and Tea. Journal of Food Science, 78(6). https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.12135
  35. Kumarasamy, Y., Cox, P. J., Jaspars, M., Nahar, L., & Sarker, S. D. (2002). Screening seeds of Scottish plants for antibacterial activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 83(1–2), 73–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00214-3
  36. Lee, J. H., Lee, H.-J., & Choung, M.-G. (2011). Anthocyanin compositions and biological activities from the red petals of Korean edible rose (Rosa hybrida cv. Noblered). Food Chemistry, 129(2), 272–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.04.040
  37. Lee, K. Y., Rowley, J. A., Eiselt, P., Moy, E. M., Bouhadir, K. H., & Mooney, D. J. (2000). Controlling Mechanical and Swelling Properties of Alginate Hydrogels Independently by Cross-Linker Type and Cross-Linking Density. Macromolecules, 33(11), 4291–4294. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma9921347
  38. Lee, O.-H., & Lee, B.-Y. (2010). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of individual and combined phenolics in Olea europaea leaf extract. Bioresource Technology, 101(10), 3751–3754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.052
  39. Loetscher, Y., Kreuzer, M., & Messikommer, R. E. (2013). Oxidative stability of the meat of broilers supplemented with rosemary leaves, rosehip fruits, chokeberry pomace, and entire nettle, and effects on performance and meat quality. Poultry Science, 92(11), 2938–2948. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2013-03258
  40. Mahalik, N. P. (2009). Processing and packaging automation systems: A review. Sensing and Instrumentation for Food Quality and Safety, 3(1), 12–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-009-9076-2
  41. Marsh, K., & Bugusu, B. (2007). Food packaging—Roles, materials, and environmental issues. Journal of Food Science, 72(3), R39–R55.
  42. Martínez, J. A., Melgosa, M., Pérez, M. M., Hita, E., & Negueruela, A. I. (2001). Note. Visual and Instrumental Color Evaluation in Red Wines. Food Science and Technology International, 7(5), 439–444. https://doi.org/10.1106/VFAT-5REN-1WK2-5JGQ
  43. Menard, K. P., & Menard, N. (2020). Dynamic mechanical analysis. CRC press.
  44. Özkan, G., Sagdiç, O., Baydar, N. G., & Baydar, H. (2004). Note: Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Rosa Damascena Flower Extracts. Food Science and Technology International, 10(4), 277–281. https://doi.org/10.1177/1082013204045882
  45. Öztürk Yılmaz, S. & others. (2011). Antıbacterıal and antıoxıdant actıvıty of fruıts of some rose specıes from Turkey.
  46. Reddy, N., & Yang, Y. (2010). Citric acid cross-linking of starch films. Food Chemistry, 118(3), 702–711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.05.050
  47. Rocha-García, D., Guerra-Contreras, A., Reyes-Hernández, J., & Palestino, G. (2017). Thermal and kinetic evaluation of biodegradable thermo-sensitive gelatin/poly(ethylene glycol) diamine crosslinked citric acid hydrogels for controlled release of tramadol. European Polymer Journal, 89, 42–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.02.007
  48. Roman, I., Stănilă, A., & Stănilă, S. (2013). Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of Rosa canina L.biotypes from spontaneous flora of Transylvania. Chemistry Central Journal, 7(1), 73. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-153X-7-73
  49. Sahiner, M., Alpaslan, D., & Bitlisli, B. O. (2014). Collagen-based hydrogel films as drug-delivery devices with antimicrobial properties. Polymer Bulletin, 71(11), 3017–3033. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-014-1235-x
  50. Sahiner, N., & Alpaslan, D. (2014). Metal‐ion‐containing ionic liquid hydrogels and their application to hydrogen production. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 131(9), app.40183. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.40183
  51. Schmitzer, V., Veberic, R., Osterc, G., & Stampar, F. (2010). Color and Phenolic Content Changes during Flower Development in Groundcover Rose. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 135(3), 195–202. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.135.3.195
  52. Shameh, S., Hosseini, B., Alirezalu, A., & Maleki, R. (2018). Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Petals of Six Rosa Species from Iran. Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL, 101(6), 1788–1793. https://doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.18-0111
  53. Shen, S., Tseng, K., Chao, F., & Wu, J. S. (2007). COLOR QUALITY OF ROSE LIQUEUR. Journal of Food Quality, 30(2), 202–217. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4557.2007.00115.x
  54. Shoji, T., Yanagida, A., & Kanda, T. (1999). Gel Permeation Chromatography of Anthocyanin Pigments from Rosé Cider and Red Wine. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 47(7), 2885–2890. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf981311k
  55. Singleton, V. (1999). Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. Meth Enzymol, 299, 152–178.
  56. Su, L., Yin, J.-J., Charles, D., Zhou, K., Moore, J., & Yu, L. (Lucy). (2007). Total phenolic contents, chelating capacities, and radical-scavenging properties of black peppercorn, nutmeg, rosehip, cinnamon and oregano leaf. Food Chemistry, 100(3), 990–997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.10.058
  57. Vinokur, Y., Rodov, V., Reznick, N., Goldman, G., Horev, B., Umiel, N., & Friedman, H. (2006). Rose Petal Tea as an Antioxidant‐rich Beverage: Cultivar Effects. Journal of Food Science, 71(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.tb12404.x
  58. Wrolstad, R. E., Durst, R. W., & Lee, J. (2005). Tracking color and pigment changes in anthocyanin products. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 16(9), 423–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2005.03.019
  59. Xiao, J.-B., Ren, F.-L., & Xu, M. (2006). Flavones from Marchantia convoluta: Isolation of apigenin-7-O-ß-D-glucuronide and 5-hydroxyl-7-methoxyl-2-methylchromone. J Pharm Allied Sci, 3(1), 300–313.
  60. Yam, K. L., Takhistov, P. T., & Miltz, J. (2005). Intelligent Packaging: Concepts and Applications. Journal of Food Science, 70(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.tb09052.x
  61. Yi, O., Jovel, E. M., Towers, G. H. N., Wahbe, T. R., & Cho, D. (2007). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of native Rosa sp. From British Columbia, Canada. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 58(3), 178–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637480601121318
  62. Yoshida, C. M. P., Maciel, V. B. V., Mendonça, M. E. D., & Franco, T. T. (2014). Chitosan biobased and intelligent films: Monitoring pH variations. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 55(1), 83–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2013.09.015
  63. Zupka, S., Vollmannová, A., Harangozo, Ä., & Medvecký, M. (2015). RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MERCURY AS WELL AS CADMIUM AND ANTHOCYANIN CONTENTS IN WILD FOREST FRUITS FROM ENVIRONMENTALLY BURDEN REGION OF THE SLOVAKIA. Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, 4(special issue 3 (Food Sciences)), 192–197. https://doi.org/10.15414/jmbfs.2015.4.special3.192-197
  64. Ilyasoğlu, H. (2014). Characterization of Rosehip ( Rosa canina L. ) Seed and Seed Oil. International Journal of Food Properties, 17(7), 1591–1598. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2013.777075