Journals / Journal of Engineering Technology and Applied Sciences / 2026 / Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Effects of Exposure Time of Sonication on Physical Dispersal of Mucilage: A Preliminary Study

Halit Kuşku(CANAKKALE ONSEKIZ MART UNIVERSITY)0000-0003-4109-2370
Pages
31–44
Publication Date
2022-04-30
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Results showed that an ultrasound wave with 40 kHz frequency for 60 minutes of application could be effective for nearly 50% dispersal of mucilage aggregation on sea surface that in terms might be a useful tool for rapid response in an Emergency Action Plans.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:In recent years, severe mucilage formation threatening nearshore marine ecosystems has intensified investigations on possible separation of components forming mucilage flocculation, deactivating bacteria adhesion and decomposing the colloidal structure.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Challenges to eliminating mucilage formation in marine ecosystems require long-term measures, however quick reaction with environment-friendly approach is of great importance for the control of mucilage expansion since the impact of mucilage can be significantly hazardous in nearshore marine areas during seasonal change and may spread to more expansive areas when disregarded.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Results showed that an ultrasound wave with 40 kHz frequency for 60 minutes of application could be effective for nearly 50% dispersal of mucilage aggregation on sea surface that in terms might be a useful tool for rapid response in an Emergency Action Plans.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Acoustic energy · biofouling · mucilage

Abstract

In recent years, severe mucilage formation threatening nearshore marine ecosystems has intensified investigations on possible separation of components forming mucilage flocculation, deactivating bacteria adhesion and decomposing the colloidal structure. Challenges to eliminating mucilage formation in marine ecosystems require long-term measures, however quick reaction with environment-friendly approach is of great importance for the control of mucilage expansion since the impact of mucilage can be significantly hazardous in nearshore marine areas during seasonal change and may spread to more expansive areas when disregarded. In the present study, ultrasonic vibration at 40 kHz frequency generated by sonication showed a time-dependent destructive effect on the colloidal structure of mucilage. Results showed that an ultrasound wave with 40 kHz frequency for 60 minutes of application could be effective for nearly 50% dispersal of mucilage aggregation on sea surface that in terms might be a useful tool for rapid response in an Emergency Action Plans. However, further research is encouraged for understanding how sonication mitigates the aggregation of phytoplankton and bacteria forming the complex matrix of polymeric mucilage structure.

🔖

Cite This Article

Kuşku, H. (2022). Effects of Exposure Time of Sonication on Physical Dispersal of Mucilage: A Preliminary Study. Journal of Engineering Technology and Applied Sciences, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 31–44. https://doi.org/10.30931/jetas.1034671

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (130)

  1. Mingazzini, M., Colombo, S., Ferrari, G.M., “Application of spectrofluorimetric techniques to the study of marine mucilages in the Adriatic Sea: preliminary results”, Sci Total Environ 165 (1995): 133-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)04547-E
  2. MacKenzie, L., Sims, I.M., Beuzenberg, V., Gillespie, P., “Mass accumulation of mucilage caused by dinoflagellate polysaccharide exudates in Tasmanian Bay, New Zealand”, Harmful Algae 1 (2002): 69-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1568-9883(02)00006-9
  3. Pompei, M., Mazziotti, C., Guerrini, F., Cangini, M., Pigozzi, S., Benzi, M., Palamidesi, S., Boni, L., Pistocchi, R., “Correlation between the presence of Gonyaulax fragilis (Dinophyceae) and mucilage phenomena of the Emilia-Romagna coast (northern Adriatic Sea)”, Harmful Algae 2(4) (2003): 301-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1568-9883(03)00059-3
  4. Metaxatos, A., Panagiotopoulos, C., Ignatiades, L., “Monosaccharide and aminoacid composition of mucilage material produced from a mixture of four phytoplanktonic taxa”, J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 294 (2003): 203-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(03)00269-7
  5. Nikolaidis, G., Aligizaki, K., Koukaras, K., Moschandreou, K., “Mucilage phenomena in North Aegean Sea, Greece: another harmful effect of dinoflagellates?”, 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006.
  6. Degobbis, D., Fonda, Umani, S., Franco, P., Malej, A., Precali, R., Smodlaka, N., “Changes in the northern Adriatic ecosystem and hypertrophic appearance of gelatinous aggregates”, Sci Total Environ 165 (1995): 43–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)04542-9
  7. Balkis, N., “Seasonal variations in the phytoplankton and nutrient dynamics in the neritic water of Büyükçekmece Bay, Sea of Marmara”, J Plankton Res 25 (2003): 703-717. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/25.7.703
  8. Najdek, M., Blazina, M., Djakovac, T., Kraus, R., “The role of the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium in a mucilage event in the northern Adriatic Sea: coupling with high salinity water intrusions”, J Plankton Res 27 (2005): 851-862. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbi057
  9. Tüfekçi, V., Balkıs, N., Polat Beken, Ç., Ediger, D., Mantıkçı, M., “Phytoplankton composition and environmental conditions of a mucilage event in the Sea of Marmara”, Turk J Biol 34 (2010): 199-210. https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-0812-1
  10. Mecozzi, M., Pietroletti, M., Conti, M.E., “The complex mechanisms of marine mucilage formation by spectroscopic investigation of the structural characteristics of natural and synthetic mucilage samples”, Mar Chem 112(1-2) (2008): 38-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2008.05.007
  11. Simon, M., Grossart, H.P., Schweitzer, B., Ploug, H., “Microbial ecology of organic aggregates in aquatic ecosystems”, Aquat Microb Ecol 28 (2002): 175–211. https://doi.org/10.3354/ame028175
  12. Shanks, A.L., Trent, J.D., “Marine snow: microscale nutrient patches”, Limnol Oceanogr 24 (1979): 850-854.
  13. Aldredge, A.L., Granata, T.C., Gotschalk, C.C., Dickey, T.D., “The physical strength of marine snow and its implications for particle disaggregation in the ocean”, Limnol Oceanogr 35(7) (1990): 1415-1428.
  14. Tansel, B., “Morphology, composition and aggregation mechanisms of soft bioflocs in marine snow and activated sludge: A comparative review”, J Environ Manage 205 (2018): 231-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.09.082
  15. Precali, R., Giani, M., Marini, M., Grilli, F., Ferrari, C.R., Pecar, O., Paschini, E., “Mucilaginous aggregates in the Northern Adriatic in the period 1999–2002: typology and distribution”, Sci Total Environ 353 (2005): 10–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.09.066
  16. Muller-Niklas, G., Schuster, S., Kaltenbock, E., Herndl, G.J., “Organic content and bacterial metabolism in amorphous aggregations of the Northern Adriatic Sea”, Limnol Oceanogr 39 (1994): 58–68. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1994.39.1.0058
  17. Obernosterer, I., Herndl, G.J., “Phytoplankton extracellular release and bacterial growth: Dependence on the inorganic N:P ratio”, Mar Ecol Prog Ser 116(1-3) (1995): 247–257. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps116247
  18. Herndl, G.J., Peduzzi, P., “Ecology of amorphous aggregations (marine snow) in the Northern Adriatic Sea: I general considerations”, PSZNI Mar Ecol 9 (1988): 79–90.
  19. Herndl, G.J., “Marine snow in northern Adriatic Sea: possible causes and consequences for a shallow ecosystem”, Mar Microb Food Webs 6 (1992): 149–172.
  20. Fogg, G.E., “Some speculations on the nature of the pelagic mucilage community of the northern Adriatic Sea”, Sci Total Environ 165 (1995): 59–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)04543-A
  21. Donskoy, D.M., “The use of acoustic, vibrational, and hydrodynamic techniques to control zebra mussel infestation. Technical Report, New Jersey Marine Sciences Consortium. Technical Report SIT-DL-96-9-2736. Davidson Laboratory Project 5437/62 (1996) New Jersey. https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/46935/PDF/1/play/ (accessed 21 Setember 2021).
  22. Tiller, G.W., Gaucher, T.A., Menezes, J.K., Dolat, S.W., “Zebra mussel control using acoustic energy”, Proc Am Power Conf 54(1) (1992) Conference: 54. Annual American power conference, Chicago, IL (United States), 13-15 Apr 1992; Journal ID: ISSN 0097-2126. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7117379-zebra-mussel-control-using-acoustic-energy. (accessed 13 September 2021).
  23. Dai, C., Xiong, F., He, R., Zhang, W., Ma, H., “Effects of low-intensity ultrasound on the growth, cell membrane permeability and ethanol tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae” Ultrason Sonochem 36 (2017): 191–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.11.035
  24. Pulkki, V., McCormack, L., Gonzalez, R., “Superhuman spatial hearing technology for ultrasonic frequencies”, Sci Rep 11 (2021): 11608. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90829-9
  25. Elpiner, I.E., Feigina, Z.S., “Ultrasound waves in the fight against hydrobionts”, Vodosnabzheniye i Sanitarnaya Tech 6 (1957): 14-16.
  26. Latour, M., Murphy, P., “Application of PVF2 transducers as piezoelectric vibrators for marine fouling prevention”, Ferroelectrics 32(1) (1981): 33–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/00150198108238670.
  27. Branscomb, E.S., Rittschof, D., “An investigation of low frequency sound waves as a means of inhibiting barnacle settlement”, J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 79(2) (1984): 149–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(84)90215-6
  28. Fischer, E., Castelli, V., Rodgers, S., Bleile, H., “Technology for Control of Marine Biofouling - A Review”, in: Costlaw, J.D., Tipper, R.C. (Eds.), Marine Biodeterioration: An Interdisciplinary Study. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis MD, (1984): 261–300
  29. Choi, C., Scardino, A., Dylejko, P., Fletcher, L., Juniper, R., “The effect of vibration frequency and amplitude on biofouling deterrence”, Biofouling 29(2) (2013): 195–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2012.760125
  30. Huang, G., Tang, Y., Sun, L., Xing, H., Ma, H., He, R., “Ultrasonic irradiation of low intensity with a mode of sweeping frequency enhances the membrane permeability and cell growth rate of Candida tropicalis”, Ultrason Sonochem 37 (2017): 518–528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.02.010
  31. Pitt, W.G., Ross, S.A., “Ultrasound increases the rate of bacterial cell growth”, Biotechnol Prog 19(3) (2003): 1038–1044. https://doi.org/10.1021/bp0340685
  32. Gao, S., Lewis, G.D., Ashokkumar, M., Hemar, Y., “Inactivation of microorganisms by low-frequency high-power ultrasound: 2. A simple model for the inactivation mechanism”, Ultrason Sonochem 21 (2014a): 454–460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.06.007
  33. Kapturowska, A.U., Stolarzewicz, I.A., Krzyczkowska, J., Białecka-Florjanczyk, E., “Studies on the lipolytic activity of sonicated enzymes from Yarrowia lipolytica” Ultrason Sonochem 19 (2012): 186–191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.06.015
  34. McDonald, J., Wilkens, S., Stanley, J., Jeffs, A., “Vessel generator noise as a settlement cue for marine biofouling species”, Biofouling 30(6) (2014): 741–749. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2014.919630
  35. Stanley, J.A., Wilkens, S.L., Jeffs, A.G., “Fouling in your own nest: vessel noise increases biofouling”, Biofouling 30(7) (2014): 837–844. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2014.938062
  36. Sheherbakov, P.S., Grigoryan, F.Y., Pogrebnyak, N.V., “Distribution of high frequency vibration in hulls of Krasnograd-class ships equipped with ultrasonic antifouling protection systems. Transaction”, Technical Operations of the Maritime Fleet. Thermochemical Studies. Control of Corrosion and Fouling (1974): AD 778380
  37. Mazue, G., Viennet, R., Hihn, J., Carpentier, L., Devidal, P., Albaina, I., “Largescale ultrasonic cleaning system: design of a multi-transducer device for boat cleaning (20 kHz)”, Ultrason Sonochem 18(4) (2011): 895–900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2010.11.021
  38. Guo, S., Lee, H., Teo, S., Khoo, B., “Inhibition of barnacle cyprid settlement using low frequency and intensity ultrasound”, Biofouling 28(2) (2012): 131–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2012.658511
  39. Sonalysts, Inc. & Aquatic Sciences, Inc. Zebra Mussel deterrence using acoustic energy. Empire State Electric Energy Research Corporation ESEERCO, Research report (1991): EP 90-38.
  40. Sonalysts, Inc. & Aquatic Sciences, Inc, Evaluation of ultrasound for Zebra Mussel mitigation. ESEERCO, Research report (1992): EP 91-17.
  41. Boelman, S.F., Neilson, F.M., Dardeau, E.A., Cross, Jr.T., “Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) Control Handbook for Facility Operators, first ed. Zebra Mussel Research Program. Miscellaneous Paper (1997): EL-97-1, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Washington.https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1005.6304&rep=rep1&type=pdf (accessed 18 September 2021).
  42. Kowalewski, J.J., Patrick, P.H., Christie, A.E., “Effect of acoustic energy on the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)”, in: Nalepa, T.F., Schloesser, D.W. (Eds.), Zebra mussels: Biology, impacts, and control. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL (1993): 657-666.
  43. Ciccolini, L., Taillandier, P., Wilhem, A.M., Delmas, H., Strehaiano, P., “Low frequency thermo-ultrasonication of Saccharomyces cerevisiae suspensions: effect of temperature and of ultrasonic power”, Chem Eng J 65 (1997): 145–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1385-8947(96)03172-5
  44. Guerrero, S., López-Malo, A., Alzamora, S.M., “Effect of ultrasound on the survival of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: influence of temperature, pH and amplitude”, Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 2(1) (2001): 31–39.
  45. Gandhi, H.P., Ray, R.M., Patel, R.M., “Exopolymer production by Bacillus species”, Carbohydr Polym 34 (1997) 323-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8617(97)00132-X
  46. Underwood, G.J.C., Fietz, S., Papadimitriou, S., Thomas, D.N., Dieckmann, G.S., “Distribution and composition of dissolved extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in Antarctic Sea ice”, Mar Ecol Prog Ser 404 (2010): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08557
  47. Kitamura, H., Takahashi, K., Kanamaru, D., “Inhibitory effect of ultrasonic waves on the larval settlement of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite in the laboratory”, Mar Fouling 12(1) (1995): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4282/sosj1979.12.9
  48. Guo, S., Lee, H.P., Khoo, B.C., “Inhibitory effect of ultrasound on barnacle (Amphibalanus amphitrite) cyprid settlement”, J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 409(1) (2011a): 253–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jembe.2011.09.006
  49. Guo, S., Lee, H., Chaw, K., Miklas, J., Teo, S., Dickinson, G., Birch, W., Khoo, B., “Effect of ultrasound on cyprids and juvenile barnacles”, Biofouling 27(2) (2011b): 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/089 27014.2010.551535
  50. Gavand, M., McClintock, J., Amsler, C., Peters, R., Angus, R., “Effects of sonication and advanced chemical oxidants on the unicellular green alga Dunaliella tertiolecta and cysts, larvae and adults of the brine shrimp Artemia salina: a prospective treatment to eradicate invasive organisms from ballast water”, Mar Pollut Bull 54(11) (2007): 1777–1788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.07.012
  51. Suzuki, H., Konno, K., “Basic studies on the antifouling by ultrasonic waves for ship’s bottom fouling organisms”, J Tokyo Univ Fish 56 (1970): 31–48.
  52. Seth, N., Chakravarty, P., Khandeparker, L., Anil, A., Pandit, A., “Quantification of the energy required for the destruction of Balanus amphitrite larva by ultrasonic treatment”, J Mar Biol Assoc UK 90(7) (2010): 1475–1482. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315409991548
  53. Holm, E.R., Stamper, D.M., Brizzolara, R.A., Barnes, L., Deamer, N., Burkholder, J.M., “Sonication of bacteria phytoplankton and zooplankton: application to treatment of ballast water”, Mar Poll Bull 56(6) (2008): 1201–1208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.02.007
  54. Leppard, G.G., “The characterization of algal and microbial mucilages and their aggregates in aquatic ecosystems”, Sci Total Environ 165 (1995): 103–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)04546-d
  55. Ewe, J.A., Abdullah, W.N.W., Bhat, R., Karim, A.A., Liong, M.T., “Enhanced growth of lactobacilli and bioconversion of isoflavones in biotin-supplemented soymilk upon ultrasound-treatment. Ultrason Sonochem 19 (2012): 160-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.06.013
  56. Guimarães, J.T., Silva, E.K., Alvarenga, V.O., Costa, A.L.R., Cunha, R.L., Santana, A.S., Freitas, M.Q., Meireles, M.A.A, Cruz, A.G., “Physicochemical changes and microbial inactivation after high-intensity ultrasound processing of prebiotic whey beverage applying different ultrasonic power levels”, Ultrason Sonochem 44 (2018): 251–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.02.012
  57. Koua, X., Lia, R., Houa, L., Zhanga, L., Wang, S., “Identifying possible non-thermal effects of radio frequency energy on inactivating food microorganisms”, Int J Food Microbiol 269 (2018) 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.01.025
  58. Wu, X., Joyce, E.M., Mason, T.J., “The effects of ultrasound on cyanobacteria. Harmful Algae 10 (2011) 738-743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2011.06.005
  59. Zhu, H.X., Cai, X.Z., Shi, A.L., Hu, B., Yan, S.G., “Microbubble-Mediated Ultrasound Enhances the Lethal Effect of Gentamicin on Planktonic Escherichia coli”, BioMed Res Int 7 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/142168
  60. Liao, X., Li, J., Suo, Y., Chen, S., Ye, Z., Liu, D., Ding, T., “Multiple action sites of ultrasound on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus”, Food Sci Hum Well 7 (2018): 102–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2018.01.002
  61. Branda, S.S., Vik, A., Friedman, L., Kolter, R., “Biofilm: the matrix revisited”, Trends Microbiol 13 (2005): 20-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2004.11.006
  62. Willis, L.M., Whitfield, C., “Structure, biosynthesis, and function of bacterial capsular polysaccharides synthesized by ABC transporter-dependent pathways”, Carbohydr Res 378 (2013): 35-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2013.05.007
  63. Di Donato, P., Poli, A., Taurisano, V., Abbamondi, G.R., Nicolaus, B., Tommonaro, G., “Recent advances in the study of marine microbial biofilm: from the involvement of quorum sensing in its production up to biotechnological application of the polysaccharide fractions”, J Marine Sci Eng 4 (2016): 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse4020034
  64. Lee, J.W., Yeoman, S.W.G., Allen, A.L., Deng, F., Gross, R.A., Kaplan, D.L., “Biosynthesis of novel exopolymers by Aureobasidium pullulans”, Appl Environ Microbiol 65(12) (1999): 5262-5271. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.65.12.5265-5271.1999
  65. Delauney, L., Compére, C., Lehaitre, M., “Biofouling protection for marine environmental sensors”, Ocean Sci Discuss 6(3) (2009): 2993–3018. www.ocean-sci-discuss.net/6/2993/2009/
  66. Yamamoto, K., King, P.M., Wu, X., Mason, T.J., Joyce, E.M., “Effect of ultrasonic frequency and power on the disruption of algal cells”, Ultrason Sonochem 24 (2015): 165–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.11.002
  67. Gao, S., Lewis, G.D., Ashokkumar, M., Hemar, Y., “Inactivation of microorganisms by low-frequency high-power ultrasound: 1. Effect of growth phase and capsule properties of the bacteria”, Ultrason Sonochem 21 (2014b): 446–453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.06.006
  68. Thacker, J., “An approach to the mechanism of killing of cells in suspension by ultrasound”, Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 304(2) (1973): 240–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(73)90241-9
  69. Nesaratnam, S.T., Wase, D.A.J., Blakebrough, N., “The susceptibility to ultrasonic disintegration of Klebsiella pneumoniae NCTC 418”, Eur J Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 15(1) (1982): 56–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01875402
  70. Wietzikoski Lovato, E.C., Velasquez, P.A.G., Oliveira, C.S.O., Baruffi, C., Anghinoni, T., Machado, R.C., Lívero, F.A.R., Wietzikoski Sato, S., Martins, L.A., “High frequency equipment promotes antibacterial effects dependent on intensity and exposure time”, Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 11 (2018): 131-135. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S156282
  71. Mingazzini, M., Colombo, S., Ferrari, G.M., “Application of spectrofluorimetric techniques to the study of marine mucilages in the Adriatic Sea: preliminary results”, Sci Total Environ 165 (1995): 133-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)04547-E
  72. MacKenzie, L., Sims, I.M., Beuzenberg, V., Gillespie, P., “Mass accumulation of mucilage caused by dinoflagellate polysaccharide exudates in Tasmanian Bay, New Zealand”, Harmful Algae 1 (2002): 69-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1568-9883(02)00006-9
  73. Pompei, M., Mazziotti, C., Guerrini, F., Cangini, M., Pigozzi, S., Benzi, M., Palamidesi, S., Boni, L., Pistocchi, R., “Correlation between the presence of Gonyaulax fragilis (Dinophyceae) and mucilage phenomena of the Emilia-Romagna coast (northern Adriatic Sea)”, Harmful Algae 2(4) (2003): 301-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1568-9883(03)00059-3
  74. Metaxatos, A., Panagiotopoulos, C., Ignatiades, L., “Monosaccharide and aminoacid composition of mucilage material produced from a mixture of four phytoplanktonic taxa”, J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 294 (2003): 203-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(03)00269-7
  75. Degobbis, D., Fonda, Umani, S., Franco, P., Malej, A., Precali, R., Smodlaka, N., “Changes in the northern Adriatic ecosystem and hypertrophic appearance of gelatinous aggregates”, Sci Total Environ 165 (1995): 43–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)04542-9
  76. Balkis, N., “Seasonal variations in the phytoplankton and nutrient dynamics in the neritic water of Büyükçekmece Bay, Sea of Marmara”, J Plankton Res 25 (2003): 703-717. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/25.7.703
  77. Najdek, M., Blazina, M., Djakovac, T., Kraus, R., “The role of the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium in a mucilage event in the northern Adriatic Sea: coupling with high salinity water intrusions”, J Plankton Res 27 (2005): 851-862. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbi057
  78. Tüfekçi, V., Balkıs, N., Polat Beken, Ç., Ediger, D., Mantıkçı, M., “Phytoplankton composition and environmental conditions of a mucilage event in the Sea of Marmara”, Turk J Biol 34 (2010): 199-210. https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-0812-1
  79. Mecozzi, M., Pietroletti, M., Conti, M.E., “The complex mechanisms of marine mucilage formation by spectroscopic investigation of the structural characteristics of natural and synthetic mucilage samples”, Mar Chem 112(1-2) (2008): 38-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2008.05.007
  80. Simon, M., Grossart, H.P., Schweitzer, B., Ploug, H., “Microbial ecology of organic aggregates in aquatic ecosystems”, Aquat Microb Ecol 28 (2002): 175–211. https://doi.org/10.3354/ame028175
  81. Shanks, A.L., Trent, J.D., “Marine snow: microscale nutrient patches”, Limnol Oceanogr 24 (1979): 850-854.
  82. Aldredge, A.L., Granata, T.C., Gotschalk, C.C., Dickey, T.D., “The physical strength of marine snow and its implications for particle disaggregation in the ocean”, Limnol Oceanogr 35(7) (1990): 1415-1428.
  83. Tansel, B., “Morphology, composition and aggregation mechanisms of soft bioflocs in marine snow and activated sludge: A comparative review”, J Environ Manage 205 (2018): 231-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.09.082
  84. Precali, R., Giani, M., Marini, M., Grilli, F., Ferrari, C.R., Pecar, O., Paschini, E., “Mucilaginous aggregates in the Northern Adriatic in the period 1999–2002: typology and distribution”, Sci Total Environ 353 (2005): 10–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.09.066
  85. Muller-Niklas, G., Schuster, S., Kaltenbock, E., Herndl, G.J., “Organic content and bacterial metabolism in amorphous aggregations of the Northern Adriatic Sea”, Limnol Oceanogr 39 (1994): 58–68. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1994.39.1.0058
  86. Obernosterer, I., Herndl, G.J., “Phytoplankton extracellular release and bacterial growth: Dependence on the inorganic N:P ratio”, Mar Ecol Prog Ser 116(1-3) (1995): 247–257. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps116247
  87. Herndl, G.J., Peduzzi, P., “Ecology of amorphous aggregations (marine snow) in the Northern Adriatic Sea: I general considerations”, PSZNI Mar Ecol 9 (1988): 79–90.
  88. Herndl, G.J., “Marine snow in northern Adriatic Sea: possible causes and consequences for a shallow ecosystem”, Mar Microb Food Webs 6 (1992): 149–172.
  89. Fogg, G.E., “Some speculations on the nature of the pelagic mucilage community of the northern Adriatic Sea”, Sci Total Environ 165 (1995): 59–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)04543-A
  90. Dai, C., Xiong, F., He, R., Zhang, W., Ma, H., “Effects of low-intensity ultrasound on the growth, cell membrane permeability and ethanol tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae” Ultrason Sonochem 36 (2017): 191–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.11.035
  91. Pulkki, V., McCormack, L., Gonzalez, R., “Superhuman spatial hearing technology for ultrasonic frequencies”, Sci Rep 11 (2021): 11608. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90829-9
  92. Elpiner, I.E., Feigina, Z.S., “Ultrasound waves in the fight against hydrobionts”, Vodosnabzheniye i Sanitarnaya Tech 6 (1957): 14-16.
  93. Latour, M., Murphy, P., “Application of PVF2 transducers as piezoelectric vibrators for marine fouling prevention”, Ferroelectrics 32(1) (1981): 33–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/00150198108238670.
  94. Branscomb, E.S., Rittschof, D., “An investigation of low frequency sound waves as a means of inhibiting barnacle settlement”, J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 79(2) (1984): 149–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(84)90215-6
  95. Fischer, E., Castelli, V., Rodgers, S., Bleile, H., “Technology for Control of Marine Biofouling - A Review”, in: Costlaw, J.D., Tipper, R.C. (Eds.), Marine Biodeterioration: An Interdisciplinary Study. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis MD, (1984): 261–300
  96. Choi, C., Scardino, A., Dylejko, P., Fletcher, L., Juniper, R., “The effect of vibration frequency and amplitude on biofouling deterrence”, Biofouling 29(2) (2013): 195–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2012.760125
  97. Huang, G., Tang, Y., Sun, L., Xing, H., Ma, H., He, R., “Ultrasonic irradiation of low intensity with a mode of sweeping frequency enhances the membrane permeability and cell growth rate of Candida tropicalis”, Ultrason Sonochem 37 (2017): 518–528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.02.010
  98. Pitt, W.G., Ross, S.A., “Ultrasound increases the rate of bacterial cell growth”, Biotechnol Prog 19(3) (2003): 1038–1044. https://doi.org/10.1021/bp0340685
  99. Gao, S., Lewis, G.D., Ashokkumar, M., Hemar, Y., “Inactivation of microorganisms by low-frequency high-power ultrasound: 2. A simple model for the inactivation mechanism”, Ultrason Sonochem 21 (2014a): 454–460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.06.007
  100. Kapturowska, A.U., Stolarzewicz, I.A., Krzyczkowska, J., Białecka-Florjanczyk, E., “Studies on the lipolytic activity of sonicated enzymes from Yarrowia lipolytica” Ultrason Sonochem 19 (2012): 186–191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.06.015
  101. McDonald, J., Wilkens, S., Stanley, J., Jeffs, A., “Vessel generator noise as a settlement cue for marine biofouling species”, Biofouling 30(6) (2014): 741–749. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2014.919630
  102. Stanley, J.A., Wilkens, S.L., Jeffs, A.G., “Fouling in your own nest: vessel noise increases biofouling”, Biofouling 30(7) (2014): 837–844. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2014.938062
  103. Sheherbakov, P.S., Grigoryan, F.Y., Pogrebnyak, N.V., “Distribution of high frequency vibration in hulls of Krasnograd-class ships equipped with ultrasonic antifouling protection systems. Transaction”, Technical Operations of the Maritime Fleet. Thermochemical Studies. Control of Corrosion and Fouling (1974): AD 778380
  104. Mazue, G., Viennet, R., Hihn, J., Carpentier, L., Devidal, P., Albaina, I., “Largescale ultrasonic cleaning system: design of a multi-transducer device for boat cleaning (20 kHz)”, Ultrason Sonochem 18(4) (2011): 895–900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2010.11.021
  105. Guo, S., Lee, H., Teo, S., Khoo, B., “Inhibition of barnacle cyprid settlement using low frequency and intensity ultrasound”, Biofouling 28(2) (2012): 131–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2012.658511
  106. Kowalewski, J.J., Patrick, P.H., Christie, A.E., “Effect of acoustic energy on the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)”, in: Nalepa, T.F., Schloesser, D.W. (Eds.), Zebra mussels: Biology, impacts, and control. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL (1993): 657-666.
  107. Ciccolini, L., Taillandier, P., Wilhem, A.M., Delmas, H., Strehaiano, P., “Low frequency thermo-ultrasonication of Saccharomyces cerevisiae suspensions: effect of temperature and of ultrasonic power”, Chem Eng J 65 (1997): 145–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1385-8947(96)03172-5
  108. Guerrero, S., López-Malo, A., Alzamora, S.M., “Effect of ultrasound on the survival of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: influence of temperature, pH and amplitude”, Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 2(1) (2001): 31–39.
  109. Underwood, G.J.C., Fietz, S., Papadimitriou, S., Thomas, D.N., Dieckmann, G.S., “Distribution and composition of dissolved extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in Antarctic Sea ice”, Mar Ecol Prog Ser 404 (2010): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08557
  110. Kitamura, H., Takahashi, K., Kanamaru, D., “Inhibitory effect of ultrasonic waves on the larval settlement of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite in the laboratory”, Mar Fouling 12(1) (1995): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4282/sosj1979.12.9
  111. Guo, S., Lee, H.P., Khoo, B.C., “Inhibitory effect of ultrasound on barnacle (Amphibalanus amphitrite) cyprid settlement”, J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 409(1) (2011a): 253–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jembe.2011.09.006
  112. Guo, S., Lee, H., Chaw, K., Miklas, J., Teo, S., Dickinson, G., Birch, W., Khoo, B., “Effect of ultrasound on cyprids and juvenile barnacles”, Biofouling 27(2) (2011b): 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/089 27014.2010.551535
  113. Gavand, M., McClintock, J., Amsler, C., Peters, R., Angus, R., “Effects of sonication and advanced chemical oxidants on the unicellular green alga Dunaliella tertiolecta and cysts, larvae and adults of the brine shrimp Artemia salina: a prospective treatment to eradicate invasive organisms from ballast water”, Mar Pollut Bull 54(11) (2007): 1777–1788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.07.012
  114. Suzuki, H., Konno, K., “Basic studies on the antifouling by ultrasonic waves for ship’s bottom fouling organisms”, J Tokyo Univ Fish 56 (1970): 31–48.
  115. Seth, N., Chakravarty, P., Khandeparker, L., Anil, A., Pandit, A., “Quantification of the energy required for the destruction of Balanus amphitrite larva by ultrasonic treatment”, J Mar Biol Assoc UK 90(7) (2010): 1475–1482. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315409991548
  116. Holm, E.R., Stamper, D.M., Brizzolara, R.A., Barnes, L., Deamer, N., Burkholder, J.M., “Sonication of bacteria phytoplankton and zooplankton: application to treatment of ballast water”, Mar Poll Bull 56(6) (2008): 1201–1208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.02.007
  117. Leppard, G.G., “The characterization of algal and microbial mucilages and their aggregates in aquatic ecosystems”, Sci Total Environ 165 (1995): 103–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)04546-d
  118. Ewe, J.A., Abdullah, W.N.W., Bhat, R., Karim, A.A., Liong, M.T., “Enhanced growth of lactobacilli and bioconversion of isoflavones in biotin-supplemented soymilk upon ultrasound-treatment. Ultrason Sonochem 19 (2012): 160-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.06.013
  119. Guimarães, J.T., Silva, E.K., Alvarenga, V.O., Costa, A.L.R., Cunha, R.L., Santana, A.S., Freitas, M.Q., Meireles, M.A.A, Cruz, A.G., “Physicochemical changes and microbial inactivation after high-intensity ultrasound processing of prebiotic whey beverage applying different ultrasonic power levels”, Ultrason Sonochem 44 (2018): 251–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.02.012
  120. Liao, X., Li, J., Suo, Y., Chen, S., Ye, Z., Liu, D., Ding, T., “Multiple action sites of ultrasound on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus”, Food Sci Hum Well 7 (2018): 102–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2018.01.002
  121. Branda, S.S., Vik, A., Friedman, L., Kolter, R., “Biofilm: the matrix revisited”, Trends Microbiol 13 (2005): 20-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2004.11.006
  122. Willis, L.M., Whitfield, C., “Structure, biosynthesis, and function of bacterial capsular polysaccharides synthesized by ABC transporter-dependent pathways”, Carbohydr Res 378 (2013): 35-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2013.05.007
  123. Di Donato, P., Poli, A., Taurisano, V., Abbamondi, G.R., Nicolaus, B., Tommonaro, G., “Recent advances in the study of marine microbial biofilm: from the involvement of quorum sensing in its production up to biotechnological application of the polysaccharide fractions”, J Marine Sci Eng 4 (2016): 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse4020034
  124. Lee, J.W., Yeoman, S.W.G., Allen, A.L., Deng, F., Gross, R.A., Kaplan, D.L., “Biosynthesis of novel exopolymers by Aureobasidium pullulans”, Appl Environ Microbiol 65(12) (1999): 5262-5271. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.65.12.5265-5271.1999
  125. Delauney, L., Compére, C., Lehaitre, M., “Biofouling protection for marine environmental sensors”, Ocean Sci Discuss 6(3) (2009): 2993–3018. www.ocean-sci-discuss.net/6/2993/2009/
  126. Yamamoto, K., King, P.M., Wu, X., Mason, T.J., Joyce, E.M., “Effect of ultrasonic frequency and power on the disruption of algal cells”, Ultrason Sonochem 24 (2015): 165–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.11.002
  127. Gao, S., Lewis, G.D., Ashokkumar, M., Hemar, Y., “Inactivation of microorganisms by low-frequency high-power ultrasound: 1. Effect of growth phase and capsule properties of the bacteria”, Ultrason Sonochem 21 (2014b): 446–453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.06.006
  128. Thacker, J., “An approach to the mechanism of killing of cells in suspension by ultrasound”, Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 304(2) (1973): 240–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(73)90241-9
  129. Nesaratnam, S.T., Wase, D.A.J., Blakebrough, N., “The susceptibility to ultrasonic disintegration of Klebsiella pneumoniae NCTC 418”, Eur J Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 15(1) (1982): 56–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01875402
  130. Wietzikoski Lovato, E.C., Velasquez, P.A.G., Oliveira, C.S.O., Baruffi, C., Anghinoni, T., Machado, R.C., Lívero, F.A.R., Wietzikoski Sato, S., Martins, L.A., “High frequency equipment promotes antibacterial effects dependent on intensity and exposure time”, Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 11 (2018): 131-135. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S156282