SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2

Using the X Platform for corporate reputation management on social media: The Case of the Turkish automotive sector

Sosyal medyada kurumsal itibar yönetiminde X platformu kullanımı: Türkiye otomotiv sektörü örneği

Ömer Faruk Özgür(DÜZCE ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-5263-2403
Seyyid Halid Özgür(SAKARYA UYGULAMALI BİLİMLER ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-7942-2027
Pages
218–245
Publication Date
2026-06-25
DOI
—
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

In this context, it is considered important for digital reputation management that brands use social media platforms with more interactive and two-way communication strategies that strengthen corporate reputation communication.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Social media platforms, which rapidly gained popularity in the 2000s, have significantly transformed corporate communication practices and corporate reputation management processes.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The aim of this study is to reveal how leading brands in the automotive sector operating in Turkey use the social media platform X in the context of corporate reputation communication.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:In this context, it is considered important for digital reputation management that brands use social media platforms with more interactive and two-way communication strategies that strengthen corporate reputation communication.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:2023 Verileri
⚙️Variables:kurumsal itibar · sosyal medya · x platformu (twitter)

Abstract

Social media platforms, which rapidly gained popularity in the 2000s, have significantly transformed corporate communication practices and corporate reputation management processes. The aim of this study is to reveal how leading brands in the automotive sector operating in Turkey use the social media platform X in the context of corporate reputation communication. Within the scope of the research, posts shared on the X (formerly Twitter) accounts of Ford, Toyota, and Renault Turkey, three major representatives of the automotive sector ranked among the top 500 industrial organizations according to 2023 data in the ISO 500 list, were examined. The study analyzed 100 posts shared by each brand up to September 2024 using content analysis methods. The findings show that all three brands' posts on the X platform have relatively low engagement rates. It was also determined that the brands primarily use the platform as a communication tool for promoting their products and product features. However, it was observed that the brands' communication practices on the X platform largely correspond to the two-way asymmetric communication model proposed by Grunig and Hunt in the public relations literature. The research findings show that the brands examined evaluate the X platform more as an institution-centered communication channel for announcing products and innovations rather than as a communication environment for interacting with consumers. In this context, it is considered important for digital reputation management that brands use social media platforms with more interactive and two-way communication strategies that strengthen corporate reputation communication.

Özet

2000’li yıllarla birlikte hızla yaygınlaşan sosyal medya platformları, kurumların iletişim pratiklerini ve kurumsal itibar yönetimi süreçlerini önemli ölçüde dönüştürmüştür. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren otomotiv sektörünün önde gelen markalarının sosyal medya platformlarından X’i kurumsal itibar iletişimi bağlamında nasıl kullandıklarını ortaya koymaktır. Araştırma kapsamında ISO 500 listesinde 2023 yılı verilerine göre ilk 500 sanayi kuruluşu arasında yer alan otomotiv sektörünün üç büyük temsilcisi olan Ford, Toyota ve Renault Türkiye’nin X (eski adıyla Twitter) hesaplarında paylaştıkları gönderiler incelenmiştir. Çalışmada, markaların 2024 yılı Eylül ayı itibarıyla geriye dönük olarak paylaştıkları 100’er adet gönderi içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, her üç markanın da X platformundaki paylaşımlarının görece düşük etkileşim oranlarına sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca markaların platformu ağırlıklı olarak ürün ve ürün özelliklerinin tanıtımına yönelik bir iletişim aracı olarak kullandıkları tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, markaların X platformundaki iletişim pratiklerinin halkla ilişkiler literatüründe Grunig ve Hunt tarafından ortaya konulan halkla ilişkiler modellerinden iki yönlü asimetrik iletişim modeli ile büyük ölçüde örtüştüğü görülmüştür. Araştırma bulguları, incelenen markaların X platformunu tüketicilerle etkileşim kurmaya yönelik bir iletişim ortamı olarak kullanmaktan ziyade, daha çok ürün ve yeniliklerin duyurulduğu kurum merkezli bir iletişim kanalı olarak değerlendirdiklerini göstermektedir. Bu bağlamda markaların sosyal medya platformlarını kurumsal itibar iletişimini güçlendirecek şekilde daha etkileşimli ve iki yönlü iletişime açık stratejilerle kullanmalarının dijital itibar yönetimi açısından önemli olduğu değerlendirilmektedir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Özgür, Ö. F., Özgür, S. H. (2026). Using the X Platform for corporate reputation management on social media: The Case of the Turkish automotive sector. Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 218–245. https://ajindex.com/articles/1397080

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (102)

  1. Abdullah, Zhu, N. ve Hashmi, M. A. (2024). Exploring the influence of green innovation, ESG performance, and corporate reputation on stock market performance: A mediated moderation perspective. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-05840-7
  2. Ağtaş, E. (2025). The Double-edged impact of artificial intelligence on corporate reputation: Opportunities and threats. AGORA International Journal of Economical Sciences, 19(2), 16-32. https://doi.org/10.15837/aijes.v19i2.7307
  3. Altunbaş, H. ve Diker, E. (2015). Corporate reputation management and social media: An analysis on Facebook accounts of the most valuable 5 brands in Turkey. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 4(2), 40-54. https://doi.org/10.17680/akademia.37335
  4. Aula, P. (2010). Social media, reputation risk and ambient publicity management. Strategy ve Leadership, 38(6), 43-49. https://doi.org/10.1108/10878571011088069
  5. Balmer, J. M. (2001). Corporate identity, corporate branding and corporate marketing-Seeing through the fog. European journal of marketing, 35(3/4), 248-291. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560110694763
  6. Balmer, J. M. T. (1998). Corporate identity and the advent of corporate marketing. Journal of Marketing Management, 14(8), 963-996. https://doi.org/10.1362/026725798784867536
  7. Barnett, M. L., Jermier, J. M. ve Lafferty, B. A. (2006). ‘Corporate reputation: The definitional landscape. Corporate Reputation Review, 9(1), 26-38. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.crr.1550012
  8. Brunner-Sperdin, A. ve Situm, M. (2024). Private social media usage of employees: Implications for corporate risk management to protect corporate reputation. Journal of General Management, 50(1), 28-37. https://doi.org/10.1177/03063070241297372
  9. Canöz, N. (2016). Otomotiv sektöründe halkla ilişkiler aracı olarak sosyal medyanın kullanımı: Renault ve Mercedes-Benz örnekleri üzerine bir araştırma. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 4(1), 149-172. https://doi.org/10.19145/guifd.53424
  10. Chen, X., Lakkanawanit, P., Suttipun, M., Swatdikun, T. ve Huang, S.-Z. (2024). Green technology innovation and corporate reputation: Key drivers of ESG and firm performance. Emerging Science Journal, 8(6), 2501-2518. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/ESJ-2024-08-06-021
  11. Chierici, R., Mazzucchelli, A. ve Di Gregorio, A. (2023). Employees’ social media presence: Future directions for corporate reputation. R. Chierici ve A. Mazzucchelli (Ed.), Business digitalization: Master the digital transformation içinde (154-172). New York, NY: Routledge.
  12. Chun, R. (2005). Corporate reputation: Meaning and measurement. International Journal of Management Reviews, 7(2), 91-109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2005.00109.x
  13. Chung, S., Chong, M., Chua, J. S. ve Na, J. C. (2018). Evolution of corporate reputation during an evolving controversy. Journal of Communication Management, 23(1), 52-71. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCOM-08-2018-0072
  14. Colleoni, E. (2013). CSR Communication strategies for organizational legitimacy in social media. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 18(2), 228-248. https://doi.org/10.1108/13563281311319508
  15. Coombs, W. T. (2007). Protecting organization reputations during a crisis: The Development and application of situational crisis communication theory. Corporate Reputation Review, 10(3), 163-176. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.crr.1550049
  16. Cornelissen, J. P. (2023). Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. London, İngiltere: SAGE Publications.
  17. Cycyota, C. S. (2023). What did they say? A typology of CEO activism. Society and Business Review, 18(3), 422-438. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBR-05-2022-0154
  18. Çavuş, T. ve Eğilmez, Ö. (2021). Sosyal medyada kurumsal itibar yönetimi: Türkiye’deki telekomünikasyon şirketlerinin Twitter veri analizi. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(2), 210-226. https://doi.org/10.33905/bseusbed.996512
  19. Desai, A. (2018). Corporate communication through social media: Strategies for managing reputation. Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers, 43(3), 171-174. https://doi.org/10.1177/0256090918792442
  20. Dijkmans, C., Kerkhof, P. ve Beukeboom, C. J. (2015). A stage to engage: Social media use and corporate reputation. Tourism management, 47, 58-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.09.005
  21. Doorley, J. ve Garcia, H. F. (2015). Reputation Management: The Key to Successful Public Relations and Corporate Communication (3. bs). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315879987
  22. Dowling, G. R. (2004). Corporate reputations: Should you compete on yours?. California Management Review, 46(3), 19-36. https://doi.org/10.2307/41166219
  23. Dowling, G. R. (2016). Defining and Measuring Corporate Reputations. European Management Review, 13(3), 207-223. https://doi.org/10.1111/emre.12081
  24. Dowling, G. R. ve Otubanjo, T. (2011). Corporate and organizational identity: Two sides of the same coin. AMS review, 1, 171-182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13162-011-0022-1
  25. Dursun, C. ve Aydin, A. (2022). Pazarlama iletişimi temelinde sosyal medya ağlarının halkla ilişkiler amaçlı kullanımı: Türkiye’de üretim yapan iki otomotiv firmasının kıyaslamalı analizi. Ekonomi İşletme ve Maliye Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 34-51. https://doi.org/10.38009/ekimad.1056593
  26. Elo, S. ve Kyngäs, H. (2007). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(1), 107-115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x
  27. Eslami, S. P., Ghasemaghaei, M. ve Hassanein, K. (2022). Understanding consumer engagement in social media: The role of product lifecycle. Decision Support Systems, 162, 113707. doi:10.1016/j.dss.2021.113707
  28. Ferguson, T. D., Deephouse, D. L. ve Ferguson, W. L. (2000). Do strategic groups differ in reputation? Strategic Management Journal, 21(12), 1195-1214. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0266(200012)21:12%253C1195::AID-SMJ138%253E3.0.CO;2-R
  29. Fırat, İ. ve Bal, C. G. (2023). The Mediating role of brand trust concerning the impact of social media communication on the corporate reputation. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 15(4), 2543-2561.
  30. Floreddu, P. B., Cabiddu, F. ve Evaristo, R. (2014). Inside your social media ring: How to optimize online corporate reputation. Business Horizons, 57(6), 737-745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2014.07.007
  31. Fombrun, C. J. (1996). Reputation: Realizing value from the corporate image. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
  32. Fombrun, C. ve Shanley, M. (1990). What’s in a name? Reputation building and corporate strategy. Academy of Management Journal, 33(2), 233-258. https://doi.org/10.2307/256324
  33. Fombrun, C. ve Van Riel, C. (1997). The reputational landscape. Corporate Reputation Review, 1(1-2), 1-16.
  34. Gomez-Trujillo, A. M., Velez-Ocampo, J. ve Gonzalez-Perez, M. A. (2020). A literature review on the causality between sustainability and corporate reputation: What goes first? Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 31(2), 406-430. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-09-2019-0207
  35. Gregory, A. (2013). Corporate reputation and the discipline of communication management. C. E. Carroll (Ed.), The handbook of communication and corporate reputation içinde (81-93). Chichester, İngiltere: John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/9781118335529.ch9
  36. Grunig, J. E. (2009). Paradigms of global public relations in an age of digitalisation. PRism, 6(2), 1-19.
  37. Grunig, J. E., Grunig, L. A., Sriramesh, K., Huang, Y.-H. ve Lyra, A. (1995). Models of Public Relations in an International Setting. Journal of Public Relations Research, 7(3), 163-186. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532754xjprr0703_01
  38. Grunig, J. ve Hunt, T. (1984). Managing public relations. New York, NY: CBS College Publishing.
  39. Guo, Y., Fan, D. ve Zhang, X. (2020). Social media–based customer service and firm reputation. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 40(5), 575-601. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOPM-04-2019-0315
  40. Hamidi, S. R., Ismail, M. A., Mohamed Shuhidan, S. ve Abd Kadir, S. (2023). Corporate reputation in Industry 4.0: A Systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis. Sage Open, 13(4), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231200951
  41. Han, K. J. ve Cho, C.-H. (2013). Twitter as a tool for corporate communication: Exploring interactive communication patterns between Fortune 500 companies and Twitter users. International Journal of Online Marketing (IJOM), 3(4), 68-83. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijom.2013100104
  42. Horn, I. S., Taros, T., Dirkes, S., Hüer, L., Rose, M., Tietmeyer, R. ve Constantinides, E. (2015). Business reputation and social media: A primer on threats and responses. Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice, 16(3), 193-208. https://doi.org/10.1057/dddmp.2015.1
  43. Hutton, J. G., Goodman, M. B., Alexander, J. B. ve Genest, C. M. (2001). Reputation management: The new face of corporate public relations? - ScienceDirect. Public Relations Review, (27), 247-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0363-8111(01)00085-6
  44. Jeljeli, R., Farhi, F. ve Zahra, A. (2023). Impacts of PR and AI on the reputation management: A case study of banking sector customers in UAE. B. Alareeni, A. Hamdan, R. Khamis ve R. E. Khoury (Ed.), Digitalisation: Opportunities and challenges for business içinde (265-277). Cham, İsviçre: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-26953-0_26
  45. Jones, B., Temperley, J. ve Lima, A. (2009). Corporate reputation in the era of Web 2.0: The Case of Primark. Journal of Marketing Management, 25(9-10), 927-939. https://doi.org/10.1362/026725709X479309
  46. Kaplan, A. M. ve Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The Challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons Journal, 53, 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003
  47. Karlberg, M. (1996). Remembering the public in public relations research: From Theoretical to operational symmetry. Journal of Public Relations Research, 8(4), 263-278. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532754xjprr0804_03
  48. Kaul, A. ve Chaudhri, V. (2019). Communicating CSR on Twitter: Impact on rank and reputation. Proceedings of the 5th CSR Communication Conference içinde (125-131). Stockholm, İsveç: CSR Communication Conference.
  49. Kaul, A., Chaudhri, V., Cherian, D., Freberg, K., Mishra, S., Kumar, R.,. Carroll, C. E. (2015). Social media: The new mantra for managing reputation. Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers, 40(4), 455-491. doi:10.1177/0256090915618029
  50. Kelly, K. S., Laskin, A. V. ve Rosenstein, G. A. (2010). Investor relations: Two-way symmetrical practice. Journal of Public Relations Research, 22(2), 182-208. https://doi.org/10.1080/10627261003601630
  51. Kemp, S. (2026). Digital 2026 global overview report. London, İngiltere: Meltwater & We Are Social. https://www.meltwater.com/en/global-digital-trends adresinden erişildi.
  52. Kennedy, M. T., Chok, J. I. ve Liu, J. (2012). What does it mean to be green? The emergence of new criteria for assessing corporate reputation. M. L. Barnett ve T. G. Pollock (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of corporate reputation içinde (69-93). Oxford, İngiltere: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199596706.013.0004
  53. Kent, M. L. ve Lane, A. (2021). Two-way communication, symmetry, negative spaces, and dialogue. Public Relations Review, 47(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2021.102014
  54. Kent, M. L. ve Taylor, M. (2002). Toward a dialogic theory of public relations. Public Relations Review, 28(1), 21-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0363-8111(02)00108-X
  55. Kim, J., Gim, G., Lee, H. ve Zul-Erdene, D. (2024). The impact of company’s ESG activities on corporate reputation. R. Lee (Ed.), Big data and data science engineering içinde (159-173). Cham, İsviçre: Springer Nature Switzerland. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-53385-3_11
  56. Kim, J. Y. ve Hammick, J. K. (2017). Effects of corporate online communication on attitude and trust: Experimental analysis of Twitter messages. Public Relations Journal, 11(2), 1-19.
  57. Kumlin, M. (2016). Social media as a tool for corporate reputation management (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Lahden ammattikorkeakoulu, Lahti, Finlandiya. Erişim adresi: https://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/117074
  58. Lee, J. W. (2019). Organizational usage of social media for corporate reputation management. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 6(1), 231-240. http://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2019.vol6.no1.231
  59. Leonard, A. (2018). Corporate reputation risk in relation to the social media landscape (Doktora tezi). North-West University, Potchefstroom, Güney Afrika. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses veri tabanından erişildi. (Erişim No. 2901493969)
  60. Li, L. Z. ve Soule, S. A. (2026). CEO activism and corporate reputation: How authenticity and CSR mitigate stakeholder misalignment. Journal of Management Studies. Erken görünüm. doi:10.1111/joms.70060
  61. Li, T., Berens, G. ve De Maertelaere, M. (2013). Corporate Twitter channels: The Impact of engagement and informedness on corporate reputation. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 18(2), 97-126. https://doi.org/10.2753/JEC1086-4415180204
  62. Loke, R. E. ve Zerouk, I. (2022). Corporate reputation of companies on Twitter seen from a sustainability perspective. J. L. Reis, M. K. Peter, R. Cayolla ve Z. Bogdanović (Ed.), Marketing and smart technologies içinde (523-535). Singapore: Springer Nature. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-9272-7_42
  63. Maaloul, A., Zéghal, D., Ben Amar, W. ve Mansour, S. (2023). The Effect of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance and disclosure on cost of debt: the mediating effect of corporate reputation. Corporate Reputation Review, 26(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41299-021-00130-8
  64. Mamic, L. I. ve Almaraz, I. A. (2013). How the larger corporations engage with stakeholders through Twitter. International Journal of Market Research, 55(6), 851-872. https://doi.org/10.2501/IJMR-2013-070
  65. Mandelli, A. ve Cantoni, L. (2010). Social media impact on corporate reputation: Proposing a new methodological approach. Cuadernos de información, (27), 60-74.
  66. Marx, J., Mirbabaie, M. ve Stieglitz, S. (2020). You are now an influencer! Measuring CEO reputation in social media (arXiv:2004.08569 [cs.SI]). arXiv veri tabanından erişildi: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2004.08569
  67. McCorkindale, T. ve DiStaso, M. W. (2013). The power of social media and its influence on corporate reputation. C. E. Carroll (Ed.), The handbook of communication and corporate reputation içinde (497-512). Chichester, İngiltere: John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/9781118335529.ch40
  68. Melloni, G., Patacconi, A. ve Vikander, N. (2023). Cashing in on the culture wars? CEO activism, wokewashing, and firm value. Strategic Management Journal, 44(13), 3098-3121. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3542
  69. Mohd Sofian, F. N. R., Abdullah, K. H. ve Mohd-Sabrun, I. (2023). Research on corporate reputation: A bibliometric review of 43 years (1977−2020). International Journal of Information Science and Management, 21(2), 31-54. https://doi.org/10.22034/ijism.2023.1977558.0
  70. Olaleye, S. A., Sanusi, I. T. ve Salo, J. (2018). Sentiment analysis of social commerce: A harbinger of online reputation management. International Journal of Electronic Business, 14(2), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijeb.2018.094864
  71. Özkan, A. (2017). İtibar yönetimi. İstanbul, Türkiye: İstanbul Üniversitesi Açık ve Uzaktan Eğitim Fakültesi.
  72. Post, J. E. ve Griffin, J. J. (1997). Corporate reputation and external affairs management. Corporate Reputation Review, 1(2), 165-171. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.crr.1540038
  73. Rhee, M. ve Valdez, M. E. (2009). Contextual factors surrounding reputation damage with potential ımplications for reputation repair. Academy of Management Review, 34(1), 146-168. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2009.35713324
  74. Rindova, V. P., Petkova, A. P. ve Kotha, S. (2007). Standing out: How new firms in emerging markets build reputation. Strategic Organization, 5(1), 31-70. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127006074389
  75. Rindova, V. P., Williamson, I. O., Petkova, A. P. ve Sever, J. M. (2005). Being good or being known: An Empirical examination of the dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of organizational reputation. Academy of Management Journal, 48(6), 1033-1049. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2005.19573108
  76. Roberts, P. W. ve Dowling, G. R. (2002). Corporate reputation and sustained superior financial performance. Strategic Management Journal, 23(12), 1077-1093. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.274
  77. Rudeloff, C. ve Michalski, P. (2024). How corporate brands communicate their higher purpose on social media: Evidence from top global brands on Twitter. Corporate Reputation Review, 27(3), 202-215. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41299-023-00168-w
  78. Rust, R. T., Rand, W., Huang, M.-H., Stephen, A. T., Brooks, G. ve Chabuk, T. (2021). Real-time brand reputation tracking using social media. Journal of Marketing, 85(4), 21-43. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022242921995173
  79. Salazar Puerta, S. ve Prieto Dávila, P. R. (2015). Corporate communication on Twitter: Management and administration. Anuario Electrónico de Estudios en Comunicación Social “Dissertaciones”, 8(1), 11-26.
  80. Sanches, E. ve Ramos, C. M. (2025). Evaluating the impact of Instagram engagement metrics on corporate revenue growth: Introducing the loyalty rate. Information, 16(4), 287. https://doi.org/10.3390/info16040287
  81. Saxton, K. (1998). Where do reputations come from? Corporate Reputation Review, 1(4), 393-399. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.crr.1540060
  82. Schaarschmidt, M. ve Walsh, G. (2020). Social media-driven antecedents and consequences of employees’ awareness of their impact on corporate reputation. Journal of Business Research, 117, 718-726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.11.027
  83. Schivinski, B. ve Dabrowski, D. (2016). The effect of social media communication on consumer perceptions of brands. Journal of Marketing Communications, 22(2), 189-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527266.2013.871323
  84. Seebach, C., Beck, R. ve Denisova, O. (2013). Analyzing social media for corporate reputation management. International Journal of Business Intelligence Research, 4(3), 50-66. DOI: 10.4018/ijbir.2013070104
  85. Shapiro, C. (1983). Premiums for high quality products as returns to reputations. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 98(4), 659-679. https://doi.org/10.2307/1881782
  86. Singh, J., Crisafulli, B. ve Xue, M. T. (2020). ‘To trust or not to trust’: The impact of social media influencers on the reputation of corporate brands in crisis. Journal of Business Research, 119, 464-480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.03.039
  87. Sundararajan, B. ve Sundararajan, M. (2012). Like us on Facebook and follow us on Twitter: Corporate identity management across social media platforms. S. D. Ha ve L. R. Willnat (Ed.), Social networking and impression management: Self-presentation in the digital age içinde (129-148). Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
  88. Sutrisno, S., Purnomo, S. H. ve Purba, J. H. V. (2023). Optimizing business management strategies in the social media era: Facing new year challenges with digital-based excellence. Journal of Contemporary Administration and Management (ADMAN), 1(3), 251-257. https://doi.org/10.61100/adman.v1i3.90
  89. Süllü, Z. (2019). Kurumsal markalaşma ve itibar yönetimi sürecinde sosyal medyanın kullanımı. The Journal of Social Science, 3(6), 530-550. https://doi.org/10.30520/tjsosci.598766
  90. Szwajca, D. (2017). The Role of social media in corporate reputation management – the results of the polish enterprises. Foundations of Management, 9(1), 161-174. https://doi.org/10.1515/fman-2017-0013
  91. Theunissen, P. ve Rahman, K. A. (2011). Dialogue and two-way symmetrical communication in public relations theory and practice. Australian and New Zealand Communication Association Annual Conference içinde (1-20). Hamilton, Yeni Zelanda: ANZCA.
  92. Toplu, D., Yaslioglu, M. ve Erden, N. S. (2014). Corporate reputation in the era of social media: A Study in Turkish banking industry. IUP Journal of Business Strategy, 11(2), 28-43.
  93. Trunfio, M. ve Rossi, S. (2021). Conceptualising and measuring social media engagement: A systematic literature review. Italian Journal of Marketing, 2021(3), 267-292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43039-021-00035-8
  94. Tsimonis, G. ve Dimitriadis, S. (2014). Brand strategies in social media. Marketing Intelligence veamp; Planning, 32(3), 328-344. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-04-2013-0056
  95. Van Norel, N. D., Kommers, P. A., Van Hoof, J. J. ve Verhoeven, J. W. (2014). Damaged corporate reputation: Can celebrity Tweets repair it? Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 308-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.056
  96. Velez-Ocampo, J. ve Gonzalez-Perez, M. A. (2019). Analyzing foreign expansion and corporate reputation: Review and future research agenda. Cross Cultural ve Strategic Management, 26(4), 586-608. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCSM-06-2019-0110
  97. Vlaeminck, E. (2023). Malicious use of artificial intelligence and the threats to corporate reputation in international business. E. Pashentsev (Ed.), The Palgrave handbook of malicious use of AI and psychological security içinde (273-293). Cham, İsviçre: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22552-9_11
  98. Vogler, D. (2020). Analyzing reputation of Swiss universities on Twitter–The role of stakeholders, content and sources. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 25(3), 429-445. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-04-2019-0043
  99. Walker, K. (2010). A Systematic review of the corporate reputation literature: Definition, measurement, and theory. Corporate Reputation Review, 12(4), 357-387. https://doi.org/10.1057/crr.2009.26
  100. Warin, T., Marcellis–Warin, N. D., Sanger, W., Nembot, B. ve Mirza, V. H. (2015). Corporate reputation and social media: A game theory approach. International Journal of Economics and Business Research, 9(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEBR.2015.066005
  101. White, M. D. ve Marsh, E. E. (2006). Content analysis: A Flexible methodology. Library Trends, 55(1), 22-45. https://doi.org/10.1353/lib.2006.0053
  102. Kaul, A., Chaudhri, V., Cherian, D., Freberg, K., Mishra, S., Kumar, R.,. Carroll, C. E. (2015). Social media: The new mantra for managing reputation. Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers, 40(4), 455-491. doi:10.1177/0256090915618029