Journals / Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi / 2026 / Sayı: 88

Time-Varying Correlations and Volatility Spillovers Between Cryptocurrencies and Islamic Equity Indices: Indonesia, Pakistan and India

Kripto Para Birimleri ve İslami Hisse Senedi Endeksleri Arasındaki Zamanla Değişen Korelasyonlar ve Volatilite Yayılımları: Endonezya, Pakistan ve Hindistan

Nehir Balcı(DOKUZ EYLÜL ÜNİVERSİTESİ UYGULAMALI BİLİMLER YÜKSEKOKULU)0000-0002-9317-7491
Beyza Gürel(İZMİR EKONOMİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-3563-3994
Pages
218–237
Publication Date
2026-01-29
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

This deeper integration increases the exposure of Islamic financial systems to cryptocurrency-induced risks and may affect overall financial stability.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study investigates the co-movements and volatility spillover dynamics between cryptocurrencies and Islamic equity indices in Indonesia, Pakistan and India addresses the scarcity of comparative evidence for these major developing economies.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The study examines volatility spillovers and dynamic correlations across markets based on return series from January 4, 2017, to January 4, 2025, employing BEKK-GARCH and DCC-GARCH models.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:This deeper integration increases the exposure of Islamic financial systems to cryptocurrency-induced risks and may affect overall financial stability.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:2017 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Kripto para · İslami piyasalar · Volatilite yayılımı

Abstract

This study investigates the co-movements and volatility spillover dynamics between cryptocurrencies and Islamic equity indices in Indonesia, Pakistan and India addresses the scarcity of comparative evidence for these major developing economies. The study examines volatility spillovers and dynamic correlations across markets based on return series from January 4, 2017, to January 4, 2025, employing BEKK-GARCH and DCC-GARCH models. Empirical results reveal a unidirectional transmission of volatility from cryptocurrencies to Islamic equities, except for Ethereum and Pakistan, where a weak bidirectional spillover is observed. The analysis uncovers a time-horizon dichotomy. Short-term spillovers remain limited. Dynamic correlations intensify significantly over the long run. This suggests a growing integration between cryptocurrency assets and Islamic stock markets indices. Cryptocurrencies act as diversifiers in the short run and their role as hedges weakens over the long term. This deeper integration increases the exposure of Islamic financial systems to cryptocurrency-induced risks and may affect overall financial stability. These results highlight the need for regulators and policymakers to closely monitor volatility transmission channels and enhance oversight mechanisms. A clear understanding of these dynamics is essential to mitigate the risk of systemic disruptions and ensure the resilience of Islamic financial markets amid the growing influence of digital assets.

Özet

Bu çalışma, Endonezya, Pakistan ve Hindistan’daki hisse senedi endeksleri ile kripto para birimleri arasındaki eş hareketler ve oynaklık yayılma dinamiklerini araştırılmaktadır. Çalışmada, 4 Ocak 2017 ile 4 Ocak 2025 arasındaki getiri serilerine BEKK-GARCH ve DCC-GARCH modelleri uygulanarak piyasalar arası oynaklık yayılmaları ve dinamik korelasyonlar incelenmektedir. Ampirik bulgular, Ethereum ve Pakistan hariç, kripto para birimlerinden geleneksel İslami finans piyasalarına tek yönlü bir volatilite aktarımı olduğunu göstermektedir. Ethereum ve Pakistan borsası arasında zayıf bir çift yönlü taşma etkisi gözlemlenmektedir. DCC-GARCH sonuçları, kripto para varlıklarından İslami borsalara olan volatilite yayılımlarının kısa vadede minimum düzeyde olduğunu, ancak uzun vadede önemli ölçüde arttığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu durum, kripto para varlıklarının İslami finans piyasalarıyla entegrasyonunun güçlendiğini ve bu korelasyonun uzun vadede devam etmesinin muhtemel olduğunu göstermektedir. Kripto para varlıkları ile İslami borsalar arasındaki güçlü entegrasyon, kripto para varlıklarının bu piyasaların finansal sistemi içinde oluşturduğu riskleri artırmaktadır. Bu entegrasyon, finansal sistemin genel istikrarı üzerinde de etkilere sahip olabilir. İslami finans piyasalarının istikrarını korumak için, politika yapıcılar ve piyasa düzenleyicileri, oynaklık iletim mekanizmaları hakkında kapsamlı bir anlayış geliştirmeli ve kripto varlık oynaklığından kaynaklanan olası aksaklıkları önlemek için bunları aktif olarak izlemelidir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Balcı, N., Gürel, B. (2026). Time-Varying Correlations and Volatility Spillovers Between Cryptocurrencies and Islamic Equity Indices: Indonesia, Pakistan and India. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Sayı: 88, 218–237. https://doi.org/10.51290/dpusbe.1756468

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (63)

  1. Adelopo, I., & Luo, X. (2025). Interconnectedness among cryptocurrencies and financial markets: A systematic literature review. Digital Finance, 7(4), 1119–1171. doi: 10.1007/s42521-025-00155-2
  2. Al-Yahyaee, K. H., Mensi, W., Ko, H.-U., Yoon, S.-M., & Kang, S. H. (2020). Why cryptocurrency markets are inefficient: The impact of liquidity and volatility. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 52, 101168. doi: 10.1016/j.najef.2020.101168
  3. Anas, M., Bouri, E., & Shahzad, S. J. H. (2025). A Bibliometric analysis of literature on hedge and safe haven assets. Journal of Economic Surveys, 39(5), 1852–1882. doi: 10.1111/joes.12677
  4. Apostolakis, G. N. (2024). Bitcoin price volatility transmission between spot and futures markets. International Review of Financial Analysis, 94, 103251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2024.103251
  5. Aydoğan, B., Vardar, G., & Taçoğlu, C. (2022). Volatility spillovers among G7, E7 stock markets and cryptocurrencies. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 40(2), 364–387. doi: 10.1108/JEAS-09-2021-0190
  6. Bahloul, S., Mroua, M., & Naifar, N. (2021). Are Islamic indexes, Bitcoin and gold, still “safe-haven” assets during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis? International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 15(2), 372–385. doi: 10.1108/IMEFM-06-2020-0295
  7. Bakar, N. A., & Foziah, N. H. M. (2024). The Impact of Cryptocurrency Volatility Dynamics on the Islamic Equity Market: The Case of Emerging Asia. Asian Economics Letters, 5(2). doi: 10.46557/001c.70285
  8. Balcı, N. (2025). Dynamic linkages between turkish islamic stock market and global macroeconomic risk factors: evidence from dcc-garch model. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 12(27), Article 27. doi: 10.58884/akademik-hassasiyetler.1590078
  9. Baloch, A., Abro, I. A., & Ghouri, Z. (2023). The Rise of cryptocurrency adoption in Pakistan: The legal landscape. Pakistan Journal of International Affairs, 6(3). doi: 10.52337/pjia.v6i3.885
  10. Bandhu Majumder, S. (2022). Searching for hedging and safe haven assets for Indian equity market – a comparison between gold, cryptocurrency and commodities. Indian Growth and Development Review, 15(1), 60–84. doi: 10.1108/IGDR-10-2021-0131
  11. Bouri, E., Lucey, B., & Roubaud, D. (2020). Cryptocurrencies and the downside risk in equity investments. Finance Research Letters, 33, 101211. doi: 10.1016/j.frl.2019.06.009
  12. Chkili, W., Ben Rejeb, A., & Arfaoui, M. (2021). Does bitcoin provide hedge to Islamic stock markets for pre- and during COVID-19 outbreak? A comparative analysis with gold. Resources Policy, 74, 102407. doi: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102407
  13. Corbet, S., Goodell, J. W., & Günay, S. (2020). Co-movements and spillovers of oil and renewable firms under extreme conditions: New evidence from negative WTI prices during COVID-19. Energy Economics, 92, 104978. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104978
  14. Corbet, S., Meegan, A., Larkin, C., Lucey, B., & Yarovaya, L. (2018). Exploring the dynamic relationships between cryptocurrencies and other financial assets. Economics Letters, 165, 28–34. doi: 10.1016/j.econlet.2018.01.004
  15. Danila, N., Azizan, N. A., Suprihadi, E., & Bunyamin, B. (2024). Dynamic Co-movement and Volatility Spillover Effect Between Sukuk and Conventional Bonds: A Comparison Study Between ASEAN and GCC. Global Business Review, 25(6), 1655–1673. doi: 10.1177/09721509211026203
  16. Dung, P. T. N., Long, L. K., Ngoc, T. T. L., & Nhan, D. T. T. (2023). Safe haven for asian equity markets during financial distress: Bitcoin versus gold. Acta Informatica Pragensia, 2023(2), 400–418.
  17. El Mehdi, I. K., & Mghaieth, A. (2017). Volatility spillover and hedging strategies between Islamic and conventional stocks in the presence of asymmetry and long memory. Research in International Business and Finance, 39, 595–611. doi: 10.1016/j.ribaf.2016.04.006
  18. Engle, R. F. (2002). Dynamic conditional correlation: A Simple class of multivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity models. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 20(3), 339–350. doi: 10.1198/073500102288618487
  19. Engle, R. F., & Kroner, K. F. (1995). Multivariate simultaneous generalized ARCH. Econometric Theory, 11(1), 122–150. doi: 10.1017/S0266466600009063
  20. Engle, R. F., & Sheppard, K. (2001). Theoretical and empirical properties of dynamic conditional correlation multivariate GARCH (Working Paper No. 8554). National Bureau of Economic Research. doi: 10.3386/w8554
  21. Erten, I., Tuncel, M. B., & Okay, N. (2012). Volatility spillovers in emerging markets during the global financial crisis: Diagonal BEKK approach. MPRA Paper, Article 56190. https://ideas.repec.org//p/pra/mprapa/56190.html
  22. Gherghina, S. C., Armeanu, D. S., Andrei, J. V., & Joldes, C. C. (2024). Spillover connectedness between cryptocurrency and energy sector: An Empirical investigation under asymmetric exogenous shocks of health and geopolitical crisis and uncertainties. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 15(4), 16454–16510. doi: 10.1007/s13132-024-01773-8
  23. Ghorbel, A., & Jeribi, A. (2021). Investigating the relationship between volatilities of cryptocurrencies and other financial assets. Decisions in Economics and Finance, 44(2), 817–843. doi: 10.1007/s10203-020-00312-9
  24. Gil-Alana, L. A., Abakah, E. J. A., & Rojo, M. F. R. (2020). Cryptocurrencies and stock market indices. Are they related? Research in International Business and Finance, 51, 101063. doi: 10.1016/j.ribaf.2019.101063
  25. Hung, N. T. (2021). Co-movements between Bitcoin and other asset classes in India. Journal of Indian Business Research, 13(2), 270–288. doi: 10.1108/JIBR-03-2020-0071
  26. Iglesias, E. M., & Rivera-Alonso, D. (2022). Brent and WTI oil prices volatility during major crises and Covid-19. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 211, 110182. doi: 10.1016/j.petrol.2022.110182
  27. Islamic Financial Services Board. (2024). Islamic financial services industry stability report 2024 (p. 123). Islamic Financial Services Board. https://www.ifsb.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/IFSB-Stability-Report-2024-8.pdf
  28. Islamic Financial Services Board. (2025). Islamic financial services industry stability report 2025 (p. 69). Islamic Financial Services Board. https://www.ifsb.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/IFSI-Stability-Report-2025.pdf
  29. Iuga, I. C., Nerișanu, R.-A., & Dragolea, L.-L. (2024). Volatility and spillover analysis between cryptocurrencies and financial indices: A diagonal BEKK and DCC GARCH model approach in support of SDGs. Cogent Economics & Finance, 12(1), 2437002. doi: 10.1080/23322039.2024.2437002
  30. Iyer, R., & Popescu, A. (2023). New evidence on spillovers between crypto assets and financial markets. IMF Working Papers, 2023(213). doi: 10.5089/9798400256622.001.A001
  31. Iyer, T. (2022). Cryptic Connections: Spillovers between Crypto and Equity Markets. Global Financial Stability Notes, 2022(001). doi: 10.5089/9781616358068.065.A001
  32. Jana, S., & Sahu, T. N. (2024). Identifying cryptocurrencies as diversifying assets and safe haven in the Indian stock market. Asia-Pacific Financial Markets, 31(4), 925–944. doi: 10.1007/s10690-023-09436-5
  33. Jeribi, A. (2020). Can cryptocurrencies be a safe haven during the novel COVID-19 pandemic? Evidence from the Tunisian stock market. Journal of Research in Emerging Markets, 3. doi: 10.30585/jrems.v3i1.555
  34. Joseph, T., Jahanger, A., Onwe, J. C., & Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2024). The implication of cryptocurrency volatility on five largest African financial system stability. Financial Innovation, 10(1), 1–19.
  35. Joseph, T., Nwolisa, C., & Obikaonu, P. (2022). Estimating price and exchange rate hedging elasticity of cryptocurrency demand in Nigeria. African Economic and Management Review, 2(2), Article 2. doi: 10.53790/aemr.v2i2.34
  36. Joshi, P., Wang, J., & Busler, M. (2022). A Study of the machine learning approach and the MGARCH-BEKK model in volatility transmission. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 15(3), 116. doi: 10.3390/jrfm15030116
  37. Kyriazis, N. A. (2019). A Survey on empirical findings about spillovers in cryptocurrency markets. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 12(4), Article 4. doi: 10.3390/jrfm12040170
  38. Maitra, D., Ur Rehman, M., Ranjan Dash, S., & Hoon Kang, S. (2022). Do cryptocurrencies provide better hedging? Evidence from major equity markets during COVID-19 pandemic. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 62, 101776. doi: 10.1016/j.najef.2022.101776
  39. Mansour Nomran, N., Laallam, A., Haron, R., Kashi, A., Hossen Shaikh, Z., & Abey, J. (2024). The Impact of the cryptocurrency market on Islamic vs. conventional stock returns: Evidence from gulf cooperation council countries. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 17(7), Article 7. doi: 10.3390/jrfm17070305
  40. Mensi, W., Gubareva, M., Ko, H.-U., Vo, X. V., & Kang, S. H. (2023). Tail spillover effects between cryptocurrencies and uncertainty in the gold, oil, and stock markets. Financial Innovation, 9(1), 92. doi: 10.1186/s40854-023-00498-y
  41. Nagaraj, M., & Chaterji, S. (2019). Panel 3 Position Paper: Blockchain can be the Backbone of India’s Economy. 2019 11th International Conference on Communication Systems & Networks (COMSNETS), 523–526. doi: /10.1109/COMSNETS.2019.8711052
  42. Nguyen, B. K. Q., & Pham, D. T. N. (2025). Investing during a Fintech revolution: The hedge and safe haven properties of Bitcoin and Ethereum. Research in International Business and Finance, 73, 102599. doi: 10.1016/j.ribaf.2024.102599
  43. Paeng, S., Senteney, D., & Yang, T. (2024). Spillover effects, lead and lag relationships, and stable coins time series. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 95, 45–60. doi: 10.1016/j.qref.2024.03.003
  44. Rastogi, S., Kanoujiya, J., & Doifode, A. (2024). Volatility integration of crude oil, gold, and interest rates on the exchange rate: DCC GARCH and BEKK GARCH applications. Cogent Business & Management, 11(1), 2289700. doi: 10.1080/23311975.2023.2289700
  45. Rehman, M. U., Asghar, N., & Kang, S. H. (2020). Do Islamic indices provide diversification to bitcoin? A time-varying copulas and value at risk application. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 61, 101326. doi: 10.1016/j.pacfin.2020.101326
  46. Rijanto, A. (2023). Co-Movements between an Asian Technology Stock Index and Cryptocurrencies during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Bi-Wavelet Approach. Economies, 11(9), 232. doi: 10.3390/economies11090232
  47. Rudolf, K. O., Ajour El Zein, S., & Lansdowne, N. J. (2021). Bitcoin as an investment and hedge alternative. A DCC MGARCH model analysis. Risks, 9(9), Article 9. doi: 10.3390/risks9090154
  48. Saeed, M. A., & Sial, M. H. (2023). Issues of legislation of cryptocurrency in Pakistan: An analysis. Annals of Social Sciences And Perspective, 4(2), 429–443. doi: 10.52700/assap.v4i2.292
  49. Sajeev, K. C., & Afjal, M. (2022). Contagion effect of cryptocurrency on the securities market: A study of Bitcoin volatility using diagonal BEKK and DCC GARCH models. SN Business & Economics, 2(6), 57. doi: 10.1007/s43546-022-00219-0
  50. Sami, M., & Abdallah, W. (2020). How does the cryptocurrency market affect the stock market performance in the MENA region? Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 37(4), 741–753. doi: 10.1108/JEAS-07-2019-0078
  51. Şenol, Z., Gülcemal, T., & Çakan, O. (2022). Kripto paralarla borsalar arasındaki volatilite yayılımı. Ekonomi Politika ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(4), 925–943. doi: 10.30784/epfad.1200423
  52. Shahrour, M. H., Lemand, R., & Mourey, M. (2024). Cross-market volatility dynamics in crypto and traditional financial instruments: Quantifying the spillover effect. The Journal of Risk Finance, 26(1), 1–21. doi: 10.1108/JRF-07-2024-0185
  53. Shahzad, S. J. H., Bouri, E., Kang, S. H., & Saeed, T. (2021). Regime specific spillover across cryptocurrencies and the role of COVID-19. Financial Innovation, 7(1), 5. doi: 10.1186/s40854-020-00210-4
  54. Shahzad, U., Fareed, Z., Shahzad, F., & Shahzad, K. (2021). Investigating the nexus between economic complexity, energy consumption and ecological footprint for the United States: New insights from quantile methods. Journal of Cleaner Production, 279, 123806. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123806
  55. Singh, V. V., Singh, H., & Ansari, A. (2024). Bitcoin as a distinct asset class for hedging and portfolio diversification: A DCC-GARCH model analysis. NMIMS Management Review, 32(1), 7–13. doi: 10.1177/09711023241260967
  56. Symitsi, E., & Chalvatzis, K. J. (2018). Return, volatility and shock spillovers of Bitcoin with energy and technology companies. Economics Letters, 170, 127–130. doi: 10.1016/j.econlet.2018.06.012
  57. Trabelsi, N. (2018). Are there any volatility spill-over effects among cryptocurrencies and widely traded asset classes? Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 11(4), Article 4. doi: 10.3390/jrfm11040066
  58. Velappan, S. (2024). Co-volatility dynamics in global cryptocurrency and conventional asset classes: A multivariate stochastic factor volatility approach. Studies in Economics and Finance, 41(5), 1023–1043. doi: 10.1108/SEF-06-2023-0339
  59. Vuković, D. B., Frömmel, M., Vigne, S. A., & Zinovev, V. (2025). Spillovers between cryptocurrencies and financial markets in a global framework. Journal of International Money and Finance, 150, 103235. doi: 10.1016/j.jimonfin.2024.103235
  60. Wijaya, C., & Ulpah, M. (2022). The Analysis of the Roles of Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Gold as Hedge and Safe-Haven Assets on the Indonesian Stock Market before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Indonesian Capital Market Review, 14(1). doi: 10.21002/icmr.v14i1.1140
  61. Wilson, C. (2019). Cryptocurrencies: The Future of finance? In F.-L. T. Yu & D. S. Kwan (Eds.), Contemporary Issues in International Political Economy (pp. 359–394). Springer Nature. doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-6462-4_16
  62. Yousaf, I., Ali, S., Marei, M., & Gubareva, M. (2024). Spillovers and hedging effectiveness between islamic cryptocurrency and metal markets: Evidence from the COVID-19 outbreak. International Review of Economics & Finance, 92, 1126–1151. doi: 10.1016/j.iref.2024.02.075
  63. Zhang, Y., Lo, S., & Sutthiphisal, D. (2025). Inter-Market mean and volatility spillover dynamics between cryptocurrencies and an emerging stock market: Evidence from Thailand and sectoral analysis. Risks, 13(4), 77. doi: 10.3390/risks13040077