Journals / Avrasya Dosyası / 2025 / Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2

Propaganda War: A Comparative Analysis of Western Think Tanks and Kremlin Narratives in the Russia-Ukraine War

Propaganda Savaşı: Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşında Batılı Düşünce Kuruluşları ve Kremlin Anlatılarının Karşılaştırmalı Analizi

Yusuf Fidan(Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi)0000-0003-4975-5845
Pages
109–127
Publication Date
2025-12-31
DOI
—
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

On the other hand, Western think tanks aim to strengthen the West's collective action capacity through a more “normative reaction” strategy.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Russia's occupation of Ukraine in 2022 went beyond conventional military clashes, leading to a global information and narrative war.
📊
Key Findings & Data:In this context, this paper analyzes the Russia-Ukraine war within the framework of propaganda, comparing the discursive strategies of Western think tanks with those of the Kremlin and Kremlin-aligned actors.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:On the other hand, Western think tanks aim to strengthen the West's collective action capacity through a more “normative reaction” strategy.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:2022 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Propaganda · dezenformasyon · Düşünce Kuruluşları

Abstract

Russia's occupation of Ukraine in 2022 went beyond conventional military clashes, leading to a global information and narrative war. In this context, this paper analyzes the Russia-Ukraine war within the framework of propaganda, comparing the discursive strategies of Western think tanks with those of the Kremlin and Kremlin-aligned actors. The research argues that the war has gained importance as a “narrative front” beyond the physical front. Using a qualitative research design, a broad range of textual content (reports, policy briefings, official statements, and media content) covering the period 2022-2024 was examined. This study examined the policy discourse and texts produced by Western think tanks (such as the Brookings Institution, Chatham House, Atlantic Council, and Carnegie Endowment) and the discourse of Kremlin-aligned actors such as the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, RT, and Sputnik using qualitative content analysis methods. The findings show that the two sides operate within fundamentally different strategic objectives. It reveals that they aim for epistemic destruction and chaos through the “Firehose of Falsehood” and 4D (Deny, Distort, Divert, Deter) models. On the other hand, Western think tanks aim to strengthen the West's collective action capacity through a more “normative reaction” strategy.

Özet

Rusya'nın 2022 yılında Ukrayna'yı işgali, konvansiyonel askeri çatışmaların ötesine geçerek, küresel bir enformasyon ve anlatı savaşını da beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu kapsamda bu çalışma, Rusya-Ukrayna savaşını, propaganda çerçevesinde ele alarak Batılı düşünce kuruluşları ile Kremlin ve Kremlin-yanlısı aktörlerin söylemsel stratejilerini karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz etmektedir. Araştırma, savaşın fiziksel cephenin ötesinde bir "anlatısal cephe" olarak da önem kazandığını savunmaktadır. Nitel bir araştırma tasarımıyla, 2022-2024 yılları arasını kapsayan geniş bir metin içeriği (raporlar, politika brifingleri, resmi açıklamalar ve medya içerikleri) incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Batılı düşünce kuruluşlarının (Brookings Institution, Chatham House, Atlantic Council, Carnegie Endowment gibi) ürettiği politika söylem ve metinleri ile Rusya Dışişleri Bakanlığı, RT ve Sputnik gibi Kremlin-yanlısı aktörlerin söylemleri nitel içerik analizi yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Bulgular, iki tarafın temelden farklı stratejik hedefleri dahilinde hareket ettiğini göstermiştir. "Yalan Hortumu" (Firehose of Falsehood) ve 4D (Reddet, Çarpıt, Saptır, Yıldır) modelleriyle epistemik bir yıkım ve kaos hedeflediğini ortaya koymaktadır. Diğer bir taraftan, Batılı düşünce kuruluşları daha "normatif reaksiyon" stratejisiyle Batı’nın kolektif eylem kapasitesini güçlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Fidan, Y. (2025). Propaganda War: A Comparative Analysis of Western Think Tanks and Kremlin Narratives in the Russia-Ukraine War. Avrasya Dosyası, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 109–127. https://ajindex.com/articles/1368542

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (84)

  1. Referans1 Abelson, D. E. (2002). Think tanks and US foreign policy: An historical perspective. US Foreign Policy Agenda, 7(3), 9-12.
  2. Referans2 Abelson, D. E. (2016). Feulner's pendulum: Moving between policy research and political advocacy. D. E.
  3. Referans3 Abelson & S. Brooks (Ed.), Think tanks, foreign policy and geo-politics içinde (ss. 20-36). Routledge.
  4. Referans4 Abelson, D. E. ve Brooks, S. (2016). Struggling to be heard: The crowded and complex world of foreign-policy-oriented think tanks. D. E. Abelson & S. Brooks (Ed.), Think tanks, foreign policy and geo-politics içinde (ss. 1-19). Routledge.
  5. Referans5 Akopov, P. (2025). Наступление России и нового мира. https://web.archive.org/web/20220226051154/https:/ria.ru/20220226/rossiya-1775162336.html (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Kasım 2025).
  6. Referans6 Aleksejeva, N. (2023). Narrative warfare: How the Kremlin and Russian news outlets justified a war of aggression against Ukraine. Atlantic Council.
  7. Referans7 Aljazeera. (2022). Putin accuses US of orchestrating 2014 ‘coup’ in Ukraine. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/22/russias-putin-accuses-us-of-orchestrating-2014-coup-in-ukraine
  8. Referans8 Allison, R. (2024). Russia’s case for war against Ukraine: Legal claims, political rhetoric, and instrumentality in a fracturing international order. Problems of Post-Communism, 71(3), 271-282.
  9. Referans9 Apt, C. (2023). Russia’S eliminationist rhetoric against Ukraine: A collection. Just Security, 13.
  10. Referans10 Ash, T. (2024). Fallacy 7: ‘This is costing too much, and the West needs to restore economic ties with Russia’. https://www.chathamhouse.org/2023/06/how-end-russias-war-ukraine/fallacy-7-costing-too-much-and-west-needs-restore-economic-ties (Erişim Tarihi: 4 Kasım 2025).
  11. Referans11 Benton, T. &Froggatt, A. (2022). The Ukraine war and threats to food and energy security. https://www.chathamhouse.org/2022/04/ukraine-war-and-threats-food-and-energy-security
  12. Referans12 Berenstain, N., Dotson, K., Paredes, J., Ruíz, E., & Silva, N. K. (2021). Epistemic oppression, resistance, and resurgence. Contemporary Political Theory, 21(2), 283-314.
  13. Referans13 Bielieskov, M. & Szeligowski, D. (2024). Food-For-Thought Paper for the side-event on the margins of the 2024 OSCE Annual Security Review Conference: “Two Years of Russian all-out Aggression against Ukraine: State of Play and Future Scenarios”.
  14. Referans14 Busol, K. (2024). Fallacy 8: ‘Ukraine’s pursuit of justice hinders peace’. https://www.chathamhouse.org/2023/06/how-end-russias-war-ukraine/fallacy-8-ukraines-pursuit-justice-hinders-peace (Erişim Tarihi: 4 Kasım 2025).
  15. Referans15 Cedos. (2024). Two years of full-scale war in Ukraine: thoughts, feelings, actions. https://cedos.org.ua/en/researches/two-years-of-full-scale-war-in-ukraine-thoughts-feelings-actions/ (Erişim Tarihi: 14 Kasım 2025).
  16. Referans16 Cohen, E. A. & O'Brien, P. (2024). The Russia-Ukraine War: A Study in Analytic Failure. https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2024-09/240924_Cohen_Russia_Ukraine.pdf?VersionId=1YNnRnwS.6DkrwNcAkdb5Dbsfjclg0JR (Erişim Tarihi: 11 Kasım 2025).
  17. Referans17 Daniels, J. (2009). Cloaked websites: propaganda, cyber-racism and epistemology in the digital era. New Media & Society, 11(5), 659-683.
  18. Referans18 Dickinson, P. (2024). Putin is on an historic mission and will not stop until he is finally defeated. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/putin-is-on-an-historic-mission-and-will-not-stop-until-he-is-finally-defeated/ (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Kasım 2025).
  19. Referans19 Durna, T. (2019). Kamu Politikasi Aktörü Olarak Düşünce Kuruluşlari ve Değişen Rolleri. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (25), 199-214.
  20. Referans20 Düben, B. A. (2023). 4. Rewriting History and ‘Gathering the Russian Lands’: Vladimir Putin and Ukrainian Nationhood. In Ukraine.
  21. Referans21 Egortsev, A. (2022). Козья Морда. Сатанизм и оккультизм стали идеологией украинских нацбатов. https://ria.ru/20220603/satanizm-1792956737.html (Erişim Tarihi: 14 Kasım 2025).
  22. Referans22 European Council of the European Union. (2025). Think Tank reports on Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/library/library-blog/posts/think-tank-reports-on-russia-s-war-of-aggression-against-ukraine/ (Erişim Tarihi: 13 Kasım 2025).
  23. Referans23 Fortuin, E. (2022). “Ukraine commits genocide on Russians”: the term “genocide” in Russian propaganda. Russian Linguistics, 46(3), 313-347.
  24. Referans24 Gilbert, D. (2022). The Kremlin Keeps Trying to Call Volodymyr Zelenskyy a Drug Addict. https://www.vice.com/en/article/russia-zelenskyy-drug-addict/ (Erişim Tarihi: 13 Kasım 2025).
  25. Referans25 Giles, K. (2024). Fallacy 5: ‘Russian defeat is more dangerous than Russian victory’. https://www.chathamhouse.org/2023/06/how-end-russias-war-ukraine/fallacy-5-russian-defeat-more-dangerous-russian-victory (Erişim Tarihi: 18 Kasım 2025).
  26. Referans26 Haass, R. N. (2002). Think tanks and US foreign policy: A policy-maker's perspective. US Foreign Policy Agenda, 7(3), 5-8.
  27. Referans27 Hale, C., & Siroky, D. (2023). Irredentism and institutions. British Journal of Political Science, 53(2), 498-515. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123422000151.
  28. Referans28 Jensen, B., and Hoffman, E. (2024). Victory in Ukraine Starts with Addressing Five Strategic Problems. https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2024-05/240515_Jensen_Victory_Ukraine.pdf?VersionId=Z.f9lB3u0biHu6rgtv6._G77hzyprEKL (Erişim Tarihi: 13 Kasım 2025).
  29. Referans29 Karjalainen, T. (2024). EU SUPPORT FOR UKRAINE THE PARADOX OF INSUFFICIENT ASSISTANCE. https://www.fiia.fi/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/bp385_eu-support-for-ukraine.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 19 Kasım 2025).
  30. Referans30 Kevorkyan, K. (2024). Справедливая Военная Операция или Возвращение украденного. https://ukraina.ru/20240501/1054830045.html (Erişim Tarihi: 18 Kasım 2025).
  31. Referans31 Khomyakov, V. (2023). Подоспело главное оружие. Русская победа неизбежна. https://tsargrad.tv/articles/podospelo-glavnoe-oruzhie-russkaja-pobeda-neizbezhna_784096 (Erişim Tarihi: 22 Kasım 2025).
  32. Referans32 Komin, M. (2024). Late-Stage Putinism: The War in Ukraine and Russia’s Shifting Ideology. https://ecfr.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Late-stage-Putinism-The-war-in-Ukraine-and-Russias-shifting-ideology.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 13 Kasım 2025).
  33. Referans33 Korolkov, S. (2024). Zaporizhzhia NPP, or How Nuclear Blackmail Became Russia’s New Export Item. https://voxukraine.org/en/zaporizhzhia-npp-or-how-nuclear-blackmail-became-russias-new-export-item (Erişim Tarihi: 16 Kasım 2025).
  34. Referans34 Kulikov, A. (2022). US-funded biolabs in Ukraine worked to develop biological weapons against Slavs. https://english.pravda.ru/news/world/150652-usa_ukraine_biological/ (Erişim Tarihi: 7 Kasım 2025).
  35. Referans35 Laruelle, M., & Grek, I. (2022). Decoding Putin's speeches: The three ideological lines of Russia's military intervention in Ukraine. Russia Matters. https://www.russiamatters.org/analysis/decoding-putins-speeches-three-ideological-lines-russias-military-intervention-ukraine (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Kasım 2025).
  36. Referans36 Lerch, M. (2022). Russia’s war on Ukraine in international law and human rights bodies: Bringing institutions back in. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2022/639322/EXPO_BRI(2022)639322_EN.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 13 Kasım 2025).
  37. Referans37 Lough, J. (2024). Four scenarios for the end of the war in Ukraine: Assessing the political and economic challenges ahead. https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/2024-10/2024-10-16-scenarios-end-war-ukraine-lough.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 13 Kasım 2025).
  38. Referans38 Mandić, J., & Klarić, D. (2023). Case study of the Russian disinformation campaign during the war in Ukraine – Propaganda narratives, goals, and impacts. National Security and the Future, 24(2), 97–140.
  39. Referans39 McGann, J. G. (2003). Think tanks and the transnationalization of foreign policy. Connections, 2(1), 85-90.
  40. Referans40 Medvedev, D. [@MedvedevRussiaE]. (2023a, Ağustos 29). Ukrainian criminals have announced that any strikes of theirs against whatever Russian target, “for example, in Crimea” were approved by NATO. [Tweet]. X. https://x.com/MedvedevRussiaE/status/1696537158465851619?s=20
  41. Referans41 Medvedev, D. [@MedvedevRussiaE]. (2023b, Temmuz 30). By repelling the collective enemy’s counteroffensive, our Armed Forces are defending Russian citizens and our land. It is quite clear to all decent people. [Tweet]. X. https://x.com/MedvedevRussiaE/status/1685573843094544384?s=20
  42. Referans42 Medvedev, D. [@MedvedevRussiaE]. (2023c, Ocak 19). Backward political good-timers in Davos reiterated: “To achieve peace, Russia must lose”. [Tweet]. X. https://x.com/MedvedevRussiaE/status/1615974846206197760?s=20
  43. Referans43 Medvedev, D. [@MedvedevRussiaE]. (2023d, Nisan 8). Why Will Ukraine Disappear? Because Nobody Needs It 1. Europe doesn’t need Ukraine. [Tweet]. X. https://x.com/MedvedevRussiaE/status/1644669039095037953?s=20
  44. Referans44 Medvetz, T. (2012). Think tanks in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  45. Referans45 Meister, S. (2024). Russia’s War in Ukraine—The Domestic, Neighborhood and Foreign Policy Nexus. https://css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/pdfs/RAD283.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Kasım 2025).
  46. Referans46 Menkiszak, M. (2024). Winning the war with Russia (is still possible): The West's counter-strategy towards Moscow. Centre for Eastern Studies. https://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/OSW-Report_Winning%20the%20war%20with%20Russia%20is%20still%20possible_net.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Kasım 2025).
  47. Referans47 Miller, D., & Robinson, P. (2019). Propaganda, politics and deception. In The Palgrave handbook of deceptive communication (pp. 969-988). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
  48. Referans48 Neville, A. (2022). Russia's war on Ukraine: Investigating and prosecuting international crimes. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2022/733525/EPRS_BRI(2022)733525_EN.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 14 Kasım 2025).
  49. Referans49 Nikiforova, V. (2024). Никаких переговоров. Украины просто не должно быть. https://www.discred.ru/2024/08/14/nikakih-peregovorov-ukrainy-prosto-ne-dolzhno-byt/ (Erişim Tarihi: 24 Kasım 2025).
  50. Referans50 Nimmo, B. (2015). Anatomy of an info-war: How Russia’s propaganda machine works, and how to counter it. https://www.stopfake.org/en/anatomy-of-an-info-war-how-russia-s-propaganda-machine-works-and-how-to-counter-it/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Kasım 2025).
  51. Referans51 Nixey, J. (2023). How to end Russia’s war on Ukraine: Introduction. https://www.chathamhouse.org/2023/06/how-end-russias-war-ukraine (Erişim Tarihi: 13 Kasım 2025).
  52. Referans52 Nixey, J. (2024). Conclusion: Assuring the future of Europe. https://www.chathamhouse.org/2023/06/how-end-russias-war-ukraine/conclusion-assuring-future-europe (Erişim Tarihi: 18 Kasım 2025).
  53. Referans53 O'Hanlon, M. E., Rocha, A., Roehse, S. ve Yadwad, M. (2024). What next on the war in Ukraine? Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/what-next-on-the-war-in-ukraine/ (Erişim Tarihi: 14 Kasım 2025).
  54. Referans54 Olsen, K. B. (2022). The sanctioning of warfare: Early lessons from the EU’s geoeconomic response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS). DIIS Report Vol. 2022 No. 09. https://pure.diis.dk/ws/files/13001186/The_sanctioning_of_warfare_DIIS_Report_2022_09.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 19 Kasım 2025).
  55. Referans55 Parachini, J. (2022). Debunking Russian Lies About Biolabs at Upcoming U.N. Meetings. https://www.rand.org/pubs/commentary/2022/09/debunking-russian-lies-about-biolabs-at-upcoming-un.html (Erişim Tarihi: 14 Kasım 2025).
  56. Referans56 Pentassuglia, G. (2022). Ukraine: What's behind Putin's ethnic irredentism? Reset DOC. https://www.resetdoc.org/story/ukraine-whats-behind-putins-ethnic-irredentism/ (Erişim Tarihi: 18 Kasım 2025).
  57. Referans57 Pifer, s. (2022). The Russia-Ukraine war at three months. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-russia-ukraine-war-at-three-months/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Kasım 2025).
  58. Referans58 PISM. (2022). The EU's Prospects for Decoupling from Russian Gas. https://pism.pl/publications/the-eus-prospects-for-decoupling-from-russian-gas (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Kasım 2025).
  59. Referans59 Polishchuk, A. (2024). Western Intel Groomed Ukrainian Extremists for Maidan Coup Since 2012, Ex-SBU Insider Reveals. https://sputnikglobe.com/20241118/western-intel-trained-ukrainian-nationalists-for-maidan-coup-since-2012---ex-sbu-worker-1120916260.html (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Kasım 2025).
  60. Referans60 Prysiazhniuk, M. (2025). Strategic narratives and information warfare: Russian FIMI campaigns against Ukraine’s Armed Forces in the context of war and societal impact. Culture. Society. Economy. Politics, 5(1), 88–108.
  61. Referans61 Rich, M. D. (2002). RAND: How think tanks interact with the military. M. T. Scanlin (Ed.), The role of think tanks in U.S. foreign policy içinde. U.S. Foreign Policy Agenda, 4(3), 22-25.
  62. Referans62 Robinson, P. (2018). Does the propaganda model actually theorise propaganda? In Propaganda Model Today: Filtering Perception and Awareness: Filtering Perception and Awareness (ss. 53-67). Londra: University of Westminster Press.
  63. Referans63 Russian Today. (2016). Ukrainian Maidan coup leaders must testify before court – ousted President Yanukovich. https://www.rt.com/news/368486-yanukovich-ukarine-maidan-trial/amp/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Kasım 2025).
  64. Referans64 Sessa, M. G. (2022). Ukraine conflict disinformation: worldwide narratives and trend. https://www.disinfo.eu/publications/ukraine-conflict-disinformation-worldwide-narratives-and-trends/ (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Kasım 2025).
  65. Referans65 Sherr, J. (2023). Fallacy 1: ‘Settle now: all wars end at the negotiating table’. https://www.chathamhouse.org/2023/06/how-end-russias-war-ukraine/fallacy-1-settle-now-all-wars-end-negotiating-table (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Kasım 2025).
  66. Referans66 Skachko, V (2024). Капут мозга. На неонацистской почве в Украине полностью запрещают Россию. https://ukraina.ru/20240718/1056337540.html (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Kasım 2025).
  67. Referans67 Skidmore, D., Wessel, D.& Elijah Asdourian. (2022). Financing and governing the recovery, reconstruction, and modernization of Ukraine. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/financing-and-governing-the-recovery-reconstruction-and-modernization-of-ukraine/
  68. Referans68 Stewart, S. (2024). Ukraine during the Russian War of Aggression. https://www.swp-berlin.org/publications/products/research_papers/2024RP13_RussianWar_of_Aggression.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 21 Kasım 2025).
  69. Referans69 Stone, D. (2013). Knowledge Actors and Transnational Governance: The Private-Public Policy Nexus in The Global Agora. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  70. Referans70 Szelıgowski, D. (2025). Pism Report Defining Ukraine's Victory. THE POLISH INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. https://www.pism.pl/webroot/upload/files/Raport/PISM%20Report%20-%20Defining%20Ukraine%E2%80%99s%20Victory.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 21 Kasım 2025).
  71. Referans71 The Kremlin. (2022a). Address by the President of the Russian Federation. http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67843 (Erişim Tarihi: 1 Kasım 2025).
  72. Referans72 The Kremlin. (2022b). Address by the President of the Russian Federation. http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67828 (Erişim Tarihi: 3 Kasım 2025).
  73. Referans73 The Kremlin. (2024c). Answers to questions from Russian journalists. http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/74357 (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Kasım 2025).
  74. Referans74 The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. (2024a). Briefing by Foreign Ministry Spokeswoman Maria Zakharova, Moscow, June 19, 2024. https://mid.ru/ru/press_service/spokesman/briefings/1958114/?lang=en#Q12 (Erişim Tarihi: 11 Kasım 2025).
  75. Referans75 The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. (2024b). Statement by deputy director of department for non-proliferation and arms control, mfa of russia, Mr. Anton mazur at the 1084th plenary meeting of the osce forum for security co-operation, 17 July 2024. https://mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/1962589/
  76. Referans76 The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. (2024c). Briefing by Foreign Ministry Spokeswoman Maria Zakharova, Moscow, June 19, 2024. https://mid.ru/ru/press_service/spokesman/briefings/1958114/?lang=en#Q12
  77. Referans77 Tsukanov, I. (2022). Moscow: US-funded Biolabs in Ukraine Engaged in Development of Components for Biological Weapons. https://sputnikglobe.com/20220309/moscow-us-funded-biolabs-in-ukraine-engaged-in-development-of-biological-weapons-1093711916.html (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Kasım 2025).
  78. Referans78 Valtonen, E. (2024). Europe's defence against Russia. https://server.www.robert-schuman.eu/storage/en/doc/questions-d-europe/qe-760-en.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 11 Kasım 2025).
  79. Referans79 Vorotyntseva, M. (2024). Russia’s War in Ukraine: Russia’s Attempts to Undermine Mobilisation. https://icds.ee/en/russias-attempts-to-undermine-mobilisation/ (Erişim Tarihi: 8 Kasım 2025).
  80. Referans80 Webrová, N. (2022). The ‘Bucha Massacre’ Narrated Through the Eyes of Pro-Russian Media. https://visegradinsight.eu/russian-bucha-massacre-sputnik-czech-republic/ (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Kasım 2025).
  81. Referans81 Williams, E. M., & Carley, K. M. (2023). Search engine manipulation to spread pro-Kremlin propaganda. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review.
  82. Referans82 Yerköy, S. (2024). Putin’in Rusya-Ukrayna tarihsel birliği üzerine makalesi: Velikorus şovenizminin manifestosu. Mülkiye Dergisi, 48(4), 1062–1098.
  83. Referans83 Youngs, R. (2022). Autocracy Versus Democracy After the Ukraine Invasion: Mapping a Middle Way. https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2022/07/autocracy-versus-democracy-after-the-ukraine-invasion-mapping-a-middle-way?lang=en&center=europe (Erişim Tarihi: 21 Kasım 2025).
  84. Referans84 Zhang, D. (2021). The media and think tanks in China: The construction and propagation of a think tank. Media Asia, 48(2), 123-138.