Journals / OANNES - Uluslararası Eskiçağ Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi / 2026 / Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Humiliation, Negative Confession and Cultic Battle: A Discussion on The Certain Ritual Aspects of The Babylonian Akitu Festival

Aşağılanma, Olumsuz İtiraf ve Kültsel Savaş: Babil Akitu Festivali’nin Belirli Ritüel Yönleri Üzerine Bir Tartışma

Hilal Kutlu Alancı(Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi)0000-0003-4094-4498
Pages
—
Publication Date
2026-03-25
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

To provide a solid foundation, the paper includes a historical overview of the Akitu festival and outlines the sequence of events and rituals performed during the celebration.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:The Babylonian New Year festival, also known as the Akitu festival, was a complex celebration involving numerous ceremonies and rituals.
📊
Key Findings & Data:This paper focuses on two significant aspects of the Akitu festival rituals: the king’s “humiliation” and negative confession, as well as the possible re-enactment of the cultic battle.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:To provide a solid foundation, the paper includes a historical overview of the Akitu festival and outlines the sequence of events and rituals performed during the celebration.
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Akitu · humiliation · negative confession

Abstract

The Babylonian New Year festival, also known as the Akitu festival, was a complex celebration involving numerous ceremonies and rituals. These included sanctification rites, offerings, prayers, processions of deities, the recitation of Enūma Eliš, and specific acts like the king’s “humiliation” and negative confession. Key rites such as “the determination of destinies” and “taking the hand of Bēl” were also integral to the festival. Additionally, the Akitu festival is thought to have included a re-enactment of a cultic battle and possibly a sacred marriage, emphasizing the festival's central theme of renewal. This paper focuses on two significant aspects of the Akitu festival rituals: the king’s “humiliation” and negative confession, as well as the possible re-enactment of the cultic battle. Scholars have interpreted the king’s “humiliation” and confession in various ways, including as a symbolic act of the king’s death and rebirth, an atonement ritual, a rite of passage, a political correction for a foreign ruler, a renewal ceremony, or an affirmation of the king’s covenant with the kidinnu (selected people). The discussion begins by exploring the meaning behind the king’s “humiliation” and confession, followed by an analysis of scholarly perspectives on the re-enactment of the cultic battle. After reviewing the differing interpretations of these rituals, the paper concludes by offering a position within the broader academic debate on their significance. By analyzing different interpretations, the study situates itself within ongoing scholarly discussions about these rituals. To provide a solid foundation, the paper includes a historical overview of the Akitu festival and outlines the sequence of events and rituals performed during the celebration.

Özet

Babil Yeni Yılı festivali, kutsama ayinleri, adaklar, dualar, tanrıların geçit törenleri, Enūma Eliš'in okunması, kralın "aşağılanma" ritüeli ve kralın olumsuz itirafı, "kaderlerin belirlenmesi" ve "Bēl'in elini tutma" ritüellerinden oluşan çeşitli törenler ve ritüeller içerir. Bunlara ek olarak, festivalin yenilenme temasına ilişkin ritüellerin varyasyonlarıyla ilişkili olarak, kült savaşının yeniden canlandırılması ve kutsal bir evlilik ritüellerinin de Akitu festivaline dahil olduğu öne sürülmüştür. Bu makale, festivalin iki belirli ritüel yönüne odaklanacaktır: sözde kralın "aşağılanması" ve olumsuz itirafı ve kültsel savaşının yeniden canlandırılması. Araştırmacılar kralın "aşağılanmasını" ve itirafını, kralın ölümünün ve yeniden doğuşunun sembolik bir eylemi, bir kefaret ritüeli, bir geçiş ayini, yabancı bir hükümdar için politik bir düzeltme, bir yenileme töreni veya kralın kidinnu (ayrıcalıklı halk) ile olan antlaşmasının teyidi gibi çeşitli şekillerde yorumladılar. Tartışma, kralın "aşağılanması" ve itirafının ardındaki anlamı araştırarak başlar ve ardından kült savaşının yeniden canlandırılmasına ilişkin bilimsel bakış açılarının analizi gelmektedir. Bu ritüellerin farklı yorumlarını inceledikten sonra, makale, bunların önemine ilişkin daha geniş akademik tartışma içinde bir konum sunarak sonuçlanmaktadır. Çalışma, farklı yorumları analiz ederek, bu ritüeller hakkında devam eden akademik tartışmalar içinde kendini konumlandırır. Sağlam bir temel oluşturmak için, makale Akitu festivalinin tarihsel bir genel bakışını içerir ve kutlama sırasında gerçekleştirilen olayların ve ritüellerin sırasını ana hatlarıyla belirtmeyi amaçlamaktadır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Alancı, H. K. (2026). Humiliation, Negative Confession and Cultic Battle: A Discussion on The Certain Ritual Aspects of The Babylonian Akitu Festival. OANNES - Uluslararası Eskiçağ Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi, Volume: 8 Issue: 1. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1748751

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (33)

  1. Bell, C., 1997. Ritual: Perspectives and Dimensions, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  2. Bell, C., 2009. Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice, Oxford University Press.
  3. Bidmead, J., 2004. The Akitu Festival: Religious Continuity and Royal Legitimation in Mesopotamia, Piscataway: Gorgias Press.
  4. Black, J. A., 1981. “The New Year Ceremonies in Ancient Babylon: ‘Taking Bel by the Hand’ and a Cultic Picnic”, Religion 11, pp. 39-59.
  5. Çagirgan, G., 1976. The Babylonian Festivals, Ph.D. Diss. University of Birmingham.
  6. Cohen, M. E., 1993. The Cultic Calendars of the Ancient Near East, Bethesda: CDL Press.
  7. Demirci, K., 2013. Eski Mezopotamya Dinlerine Giriş Tanrılar, Ritüel, Tapınak, Ayışığıkitapları, İstanbul.
  8. Dilek, Y., 2019. “Eski Mezopotamya Dini Ritüelleri ve Kullanılan Objeler“, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Konya.
  9. Eliade, M., 2005. The Myth of the Eternal Return or, Cosmos and History, trans. W. R. Trask, London: Arkana.
  10. Fontenrose, J., 1959. Python: A Study of Delphic Myth and its Origins.
  11. Fontenrose, J., 1966. The Ritual Theory of Myth, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  12. Frankfort, H., 1978. Kingship and the Gods: A Study of Ancient Near Eastern Religion as the Integration of Society and Nature, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  13. Frazer, J. G., 2009. The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion, London: The Floating Press.
  14. Gaster, T. H., 1961. Thespis: Ritual, Myth, and Drama in the Ancient Near East, New York: Doubleday.
  15. Grayson, A. K., 1975. Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles, New York: Locust Valley.
  16. Hooke, S. H., 1958. Myth, Ritual, and Kingship: Essays on the Theory and Practice of Kingship in the Ancient Near East and in Israel, Oxford: Clarendon.
  17. Lambert, W. G., 1954-1956. “An Address of Marduk to the Demons”, AfO 17, pp. 310-321.
  18. Lambert, W. G., 1959-1960. “An Address of Marduk to the Demons. New Fragments”, AfO 19, pp. 114-119.
  19. Lambert, W. G., 1963."The Great Battle of the Mesopotamian New Year: The Conflict in the akitu House," Iraq 25, pp. 189-190.
  20. Lambert, W. G., 1968. “Myth and Ritual as Conceived by the Babylonians”, JSS 13, pp. 104-112.
  21. Langdon, S., 1923. The Epic of Creation, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  22. Linssen, M. J. H., 2002. The Cults of Uruk and Babylon: The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice, Leiden: Brill.
  23. Nakamura, C., 2004. “Dedicating Magic: Neo-Assyrian Apotropaic Figurines and the Protection of Assur”, World Archaeology Vol. 36(1): The Object of Dedication. Taylor & Francis, Ltd., pp.11–25.
  24. Oates, J., 2004. Babil, Arkadaş Yayınevi, Ankara.
  25. Oppenheim, A. L., 1977. Ancient Mesopotamia- Portrait of Dead Civilization, The University of Chicago Press, London.
  26. Pallis, S. A., 1926. The Babylonian Akîtu Festival, Copenhagen: A. F. Høst & Sons.
  27. Shils, E., 1968. Ritual and Crisis, in The Religious Situation, Beacon Press, Cutler Boston.
  28. Smith, J. Z., 1976. “A Pearl of Great Price and a Cargo of Yams: A Study in Situational Incongruity”, History of Religions 16, p. 1-19.
  29. Smith, J. Z., 1988. Imagining Religion: From Babylon to Jonestown, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  30. Sommer, B. D., 2000. “The Babylonian Akitu Festival: Rectifying the King or Renewing the Cosmos?”, JANES 27, pp.81-95.
  31. Thureau-Dangin, F., 1921. “Rituel et Amulettes Contre Labartu”, Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 161-198.
  32. Van Der Toorn, K., 1991. “The Babylonian New Year Festival: New Insights from the Cuneiform Texts and Their Bearing on Old Testament Study”, in Congress Volume, Leuven, p. 331-339.
  33. Wagenaar, J. A., 2005. Origin and Transformation of the Ancient Israelite Festival Calendar, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.