Journals / Mülkiye Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 50 Sayı: 1

The Global Chain of Physician Migration in the Shadow of Neoliberal Health Crisis

Neoliberal Sağlık Krizinin Gölgesinde Küresel Hekim Göçü Zinciri

Çağla Ünlütürk(PAMUKKALE ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-4589-5659
Pages
1–29
Publication Date
2026-03-17
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Migrant physician employment has become the principal way of combating chronic physician shortages in Norway.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This article examines the effects of neoliberal health policies on global physician migration from a political economy perspective.
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Key Findings & Data:Developing the concept of the ‘global physician migration chain’, the article seeks to demonstrate that many countries resort to migrant physician labour in order to sustain neoliberal health systems, and that countries receiving physician migrants are, in many cases, simultaneously countries those send migrants.
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Conclusion & Impact:Migrant physician employment has become the principal way of combating chronic physician shortages in Norway.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Hekim Göçü · Neoliberal Sağlık Politikaları · Sağlık Reformları

Abstract

This article examines the effects of neoliberal health policies on global physician migration from a political economy perspective. The main claim that distinguishes this study from other studies on physician migration is that the origins of individual and social motives related to physician migration lie in neoliberal health policies. Developing the concept of the ‘global physician migration chain’, the article seeks to demonstrate that many countries resort to migrant physician labour in order to sustain neoliberal health systems, and that countries receiving physician migrants are, in many cases, simultaneously countries those send migrants. Through the examples it examines, the study shows that physician migration does not rely solely on individual preferences; rather, it has a close relationship with neoliberal health reforms, which have multiple repercussions such as the marketisation of health systems, the reduction of public investments, performance-based remuneration, flexible forms of employment, and the proletarianisation of physician labour. The comparative analysis conducted through the cases of Turkey, Germany, and Norway shows that neoliberal reforms weaken physicians’ professional autonomy and expand low-paid and precarious forms of employment. In this process, migrant physicians are employed in the health systems of relatively high-income countries through mechanisms of global wage arbitrage and care extractivism; thus, a ‘global physician migration chain’ is formed. While source countries face chronic crises in their health systems due to the loss of skilled labour, destination countries fill this gap with migrant physician labour without bearing the costs of medical education. The comparative analysis conducted through the cases of Turkey, Germany, and Norway shows that neoliberal reforms weaken physicians’ professional autonomy, increase workload, and expand precarious and low-paid forms of employment. In the case of Turkey, with the Health Transformation Program, city hospitals, and the marketisation of public health services, physician labour has become increasingly commodified and professional autonomy has been damaged. These conditions have triggered physician migration, and Germany has become the country to which this migration is most strongly directed. Similarly, in Germany, the privatization of public hospitals and the increasing workload have transformed the employment of migrant physicians into an enduring strategy. German physicians, in turn, have begun to migrate to countries such as Norway, where wages and working conditions are relatively better. Migrant physician employment has become the principal way of combating chronic physician shortages in Norway.

Özet

Öz Bu makale, neoliberal sağlık politikalarının küresel hekim göçü üzerindeki etkilerini ekonomi-politik bir perspektifle incelemektedir. Çalışmayı diğer hekim göçü çalışmalarından ayıran temel iddia, hekim göçüne dair bireysel ve sosyal saiklerin kökenlerinin neoliberal sağlık politikalarında yattığıdır. Pek çok ülkenin neoliberal sağlık sistemlerini ayakta tutabilmek için göçmen hekim emeğine başvurduğu ve hekim göçü alan ülkelerin pek çok durumda aynı zamanda göç veren ülkeler olduğu ‘küresel hekim göçü zinciri’ kavramı geliştirilerek ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışma, ele aldığı örnekler aracılığıyla hekim göçünün yalnızca bireysel tercihlere dayanmadığını; sağlık sistemlerinin piyasalaşması, kamu yatırımlarının azalması, performans temelli ücretlendirme, esnek istihdam biçimleri ve hekim emeğinin proleterleşmesi gibi çok sayıda yansıması olan neoliberal sağlık reformlarının hekim göçüyle sıkı bir ilişkisi olduğunu göstermektedir. Türkiye, Almanya ve Norveç örnekleri üzerinden yapılan karşılaştırmalı analiz, neoliberal reformların hekimlerin mesleki özerkliklerini zayıflattığını, düşük ücretli ve güvencesiz çalışma biçimlerini yaygınlaştırdığını göstermektedir. Bu süreçte göçmen hekimler, küresel ücret arbitrajı ve bakım ekstraktivizmi mekanizmaları yoluyla görece yüksek gelirli ülkelerin sağlık sistemlerinde istihdam edilmekte; böylece bir ‘küresel hekim göçü zinciri’ oluşmaktadır. Kaynak ülkeler, nitelikli emek gücü kaybı nedeniyle sağlık sistemlerinde kronik krizlerle karşı karşıya kalırken, hedef ülkeler eğitim maliyetine katlanmadan bu açığı göçmen hekim emeğiyle kapatmaktadır. Türkiye, Almanya ve Norveç örnekleri üzerinden yapılan karşılaştırmalı analiz, neoliberal reformların hekimlerin mesleki özerkliklerini zayıflattığını, iş yükünü artırdığını, güvencesiz ve düşük ücretli istihdam biçimlerini yaygınlaştırdığını göstermektedir. Türkiye örneğinde, Sağlıkta Dönüşüm Programı, şehir hastaneleri ve kamusal sağlık hizmetlerinin piyasalaşmasıyla birlikte hekim emeği giderek daha fazla metalaşmış ve profesyonel özerklik zedelenmiştir. Söz konusu koşullar hekim göçünü tetiklemiş ve Almanya bu göçün en çok yöneldiği ülke olmuştur. Almanya’da ise benzer şekilde kamu hastanelerinin özelleştirilmesi ve artan iş yükü, göçmen hekim istihdamını kalıcı bir stratejiye dönüştürmüştür. Alman hekimler de Norveç gibi ücretlerin ve çalışma koşullarının görece daha iyi olduğui ülkelere göç etmeye başlamışlardır. Göçmen hekim istihdamı, Norveç’teki kronik hekim açığıyla mücadelenin başat yolu haline gelmiştir.

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Cite This Article

Ünlütürk, Ç., *, Ç. Ü. (2026). The Global Chain of Physician Migration in the Shadow of Neoliberal Health Crisis. Mülkiye Dergisi, Cilt: 50 Sayı: 1, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.25064/mulkiye.1809607

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