Journals / Mülkiye Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 50 Sayı: 3

The Quest for Strategic Autonomy of Middle Powers: The Multidimensional Foreign Policy of Turkey, Saudi Arabia, India and Brazil in the 2020 2025 Period

Orta Güçlerin Stratejik Özerklik Arayışı: Türkiye, Suudi Arabistan, Hindistan ve Brezilya’nın 2020 2025 Dönemindeki Çok Yönlü Dış Politikası

Yusuf Fidan(Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi)0000-0003-4975-5845
Pages
1011–1050
Publication Date
2026-09-15
DOI
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Findings indicate that all four states have pursued multi alignment — engaging multiple great powers without committing fully to any single bloc.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:The gradual displacement of the post-Cold War unipolar order by an increasingly multipolar structure has created new room for maneuver among rising middle powers.
📊
Key Findings & Data:This study examines the foreign policy practices of Turkey, Saudi Arabia, India, and Brazil between 2020 and 2025, analyzing their pursuit of strategic autonomy through a comparative lens.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Findings indicate that all four states have pursued multi alignment — engaging multiple great powers without committing fully to any single bloc.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:2020 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Orta güçler · Stratejik özerklik · Çok kutupluluk

Abstract

The gradual displacement of the post-Cold War unipolar order by an increasingly multipolar structure has created new room for maneuver among rising middle powers. This study examines the foreign policy practices of Turkey, Saudi Arabia, India, and Brazil between 2020 and 2025, analyzing their pursuit of strategic autonomy through a comparative lens. The research investigates how these states expanded their independent decision-making capacity during a period defined by sharpening US-China rivalry, the disruptions of the the war in Ukraine, and the restructuring of global supply chains. The study employs qualitative comparative analysis. Despite considerable variation in the geographic positions, political regimes, and economic structures of the four cases, notable convergences emerge in their responses to a shifting international order. Findings indicate that all four states have pursued multi alignment — engaging multiple great powers without committing fully to any single bloc. Turkey’s deepening ties with Russia notwithstanding its NATO membership, Saudi Arabia’s cultivation of relations with China despite reliance on the American security umbrella, and India’s and Brazil’s critical stance toward Western-led institutions alongside their investment in platforms such as BRICS are the clearest manifestations of this orientation. Further commonalities include the elevation of leader-driven diplomacy over institutional channels, defense industry indigenization, and resilience-building against Western sanctions. Yet the study equally attends to how these tendencies are refracted through each country’s particular circumstances — Turkey’s and India’s hard-power considerations shaped by direct border threats, Brazil’s normative and environmental diplomacy, and Saudi Arabia’s conversion of energy leverage into diplomatic capital. Ultimately, the study argues that rising middle powers are neither passive actors constrained by systemic imperatives nor mere norm-takers. By diversifying alliances, distributing risk, and forging pragmatic partnerships, they function as constitutive and transformative agents in the construction of a multipolar world order.Qualitative comparative analysis was used in this study. The four countries compared have quite different geographical locations, political regimes, and economic structures, but some similarities were observed in their responses to the changing international system. The findings show that these countries pursued a strategy of “multi-alignment” without fully committing to any bloc. Türkiye's relations with Russia despite its NATO membership, Saudi Arabia's relations with China despite the US security umbrella, and India and Brazil's critical approach to Western-centered institutions and strengthening platforms such as BRICS are concrete reflections of this strategy. Besides, the prioritization of leadership diplomacy over institutional mechanisms, localization efforts in the defense industry, and the development of resistance against Western sanctions have been identified as a common pattern of behavior among all actors examined. On the other hand, this study also focuses on how these common orientations differ according to the specific conditions of each country. Nuances such as Türkiye and India's use of hard power shaped by direct border security threats, Brazil's approach focused on environmental diplomacy and normative discourse, or Saudi Arabia's conversion of its power in the energy market into diplomatic leverage are discussed in detail. Ultimately, this study demonstrates that emerging middle powers play a constructive and transformative role in building a multipolar order by diversifying alliances, distributing risks, and establishing pragmatic partnerships, rather than being passive actors subject to systemic constraints.

Özet

Soğuk Savaş sonrası kurulan tek kutuplu düzenin yerini giderek çok kutuplu ve rekabetçi bir yapıya bırakması, küresel sistemde yükselen orta güçler için yeni bir manevra alanı yaratmıştır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye, Suudi Arabistan, Hindistan ve Brezilya’nın 2020-2025 yılları arasındaki dış politika pratiklerine odaklanarak, bu dört aktörün ‘stratejik özerklik’ arayışlarını karşılaştırmalı bir perspektifle incelemektedir. Araştırma, söz konusu devletlerin ABD-Çin rekabetinin keskinleştiği, Ukrayna Savaşı’nın küresel dengeleri sarstığı ve tedarik zincirlerinin yeniden kurgulandığı bir dönemde, bağımsız karar alma kapasitelerini ne şekilde artırdıklarını ve dış politikalarını nasıl çeşitlendirdiklerini analiz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada nitel karşılaştırmalı analiz yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Karşılaştırılan dört ülkenin coğrafi konumları, siyasi rejimleri ve ekonomik yapıları birbirinden oldukça farklı olup değişen uluslararası sisteme verdikleri tepkilerde ise bazı benzerlikler gözlenmiştir. Bulgular, bu ülkelerin hiçbir bloğa tam teslim olmadan, ‘çoklu uyum’ (multi-alignment) stratejisi izlediklerini göstermektedir. Türkiye’nin NATO üyeliğine karşın Rusya ile, Suudi Arabistan’ın ABD güvenlik şemsiyesine rağmen Çin ile geliştirdiği ilişkiler; Hindistan ve Brezilya’nın ise Batı merkezli kurumlara eleştirel yaklaşıp BRICS gibi platformları güçlendirmesi bu stratejinin somut yansımalarıdır. Ayrıca, lider diplomasisinin kurumsal mekanizmaların önüne geçmesi, savunma sanayiinde yerelleşme hamleleri ve Batı kaynaklı yaptırımlara karşı direnç geliştirilmesi, incelenen tüm aktörlerde ortak bir davranış kalıbı olarak tespit edilmiştir. Diğer bir taraftan çalışma, bu ortak yönelimlerin ülkelerin özgül koşullarına göre nasıl farklılaştığına da odaklanmaktadır. Türkiye ve Hindistan’ın doğrudan sınır güvenliği tehditleriyle şekillenen sert güç kullanımı, Brezilya’nın çevre diplomasisi ve normatif söylem ağırlıklı yaklaşımı veya Suudi Arabistan’ın enerji piyasasındaki gücünü diplomatik kaldıraca dönüştürmesi gibi nüanslar detaylıca tartışılmıştır. Nihayetinde bu çalışma, yükselen orta güçlerin sistemik kısıtlamalara boyun eğen pasif aktörler olmaktan ziyade; ittifakları çeşitlendirerek, riskleri dağıtarak ve pragmatik iş birlikleri kurarak çok kutuplu düzenin inşasında kurucu ve dönüştürücü bir rol üstlendiklerini ortaya koymaktadır.Bu çalışmada nitel karşılaştırmalı analiz yönteminin kullanılmıştır. Karşılaştırılan dört ülkenin coğrafi konumları, siyasi rejimleri ve ekonomik yapıları birbirinden oldukça farklı olup değişen uluslararası sisteme verdikleri tepkilerde ise bazı benzerlikler gözlenmiştir. Bulgular, bu ülkelerin hiçbir bloğa tam teslim olmadan, "çoklu uyum" (multi-alignment) stratejisi izlediklerini göstermektedir. Türkiye’nin NATO üyeliğine karşın Rusya ile, Suudi Arabistan’ın ABD güvenlik şemsiyesine rağmen Çin ile geliştirdiği ilişkiler; Hindistan ve Brezilya’nın ise Batı merkezli kurumlara eleştirel yaklaşıp BRICS gibi platformları güçlendirmesi bu stratejinin somut yansımalarıdır. Ayrıca, lider diplomasisinin kurumsal mekanizmaların önüne geçmesi, savunma sanayiinde yerelleşme hamleleri ve Batı kaynaklı yaptırımlara karşı direnç geliştirilmesi, incelenen tüm aktörlerde ortak bir davranış kalıbı olarak tespit edilmiştir. Diğer bir taraftan bu çalışma, bu ortak yönelimlerin ülkelerin özgül koşullarına göre nasıl farklılaştığına da odaklanmaktadır. Türkiye ve Hindistan’ın doğrudan sınır güvenliği tehditleriyle şekillenen sert güç kullanımı, Brezilya’nın çevre diplomasisi ve normatif söylem ağırlıklı yaklaşımı veya Suudi Arabistan’ın enerji piyasasındaki gücünü diplomatik kaldıraca dönüştürmesi gibi nüanslar detaylıca tartışılmıştır. Nihayetinde bu çalışma, yükselen orta güçlerin sistemik kısıtlamalara boyun eğen pasif aktörler olmaktan ziyade; ittifakları çeşitlendirerek, riskleri dağıtarak ve pragmatik işbirlikleri kurarak çok kutuplu düzenin inşasında kurucu ve dönüştürücü bir rol üstlendiklerini ortaya koymaktadır.

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Cite This Article

Fidan, Y. (2026). The Quest for Strategic Autonomy of Middle Powers: The Multidimensional Foreign Policy of Turkey, Saudi Arabia, India and Brazil in the 2020 2025 Period. Mülkiye Dergisi, Cilt: 50 Sayı: 3, 1011–1050. https://ajindex.com/articles/1235871

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