Journals / Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi / 2026 / Sayı: 73

The algorithmic city as the spatial face of digital transformation: Initial steps in Türkiye

Dijital dönüşümün mekânsal yüzü olarak algoritmik şehir: Türkiye’de ilk adımlar

Abdulgazi Yıkıcı(KARADENİZ TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-1230-1612
Tekin Avaner(JANDARMA VE SAHİL GÜVENLİK AKADEMİSİ, JANDARMA VE SAHİL GÜVENLİK FAKÜLTESİ, GÜVENLİK BİLİMLERİ BÖLÜMÜ)0000-0003-4014-0131
Pages
87–96
Publication Date
2026-04-30
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The findings indicate that algorithmic systems are actively utilized across a wide range of domains, from education and energy security to transportation and climate change mitigation; however, these applications also entail significant risks related to security, equity, and ethics.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:The growing inadequacy of conventional urban governance and service delivery models amid population growth, climate change, and resource pressures has necessitated more flexible, technology-driven governance approaches.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The findings indicate that algorithmic systems are actively utilized across a wide range of domains, from education and energy security to transportation and climate change mitigation; however, these applications also entail significant risks related to security, equity, and ethics.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:In this framework, the study provides a conceptual framework and lays the groundwork for future empirical research.
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:akıllı şehir · algoritmik şehir · dijitalleşme

Abstract

The growing inadequacy of conventional urban governance and service delivery models amid population growth, climate change, and resource pressures has necessitated more flexible, technology-driven governance approaches. The transformation initiated by smart city practices has evolved into a more distinct phase marked by the integration of data driven decision-making mechanisms and algorithmic systems into governance processes. In this context, the concept of the algorithmic city emerges as a reflection of a new governance paradigm shaped by digitalization. Accordingly, this study aims to examine the concept of the algorithmic city from both theoretical and practical perspectives, focusing on its implications for city governance, sustainability, and security policies. Within the scope of qualitative research methods, this study employs literature review and document analysis. Within this framework, the evolution of the smart city concept is examined, followed by the theoretical framing of the algorithmic city and selected international application examples. The final section focuses on algorithm-based city practices in Türkiye and the prevailing trends in this field. The findings indicate that algorithmic systems are actively utilized across a wide range of domains, from education and energy security to transportation and climate change mitigation; however, these applications also entail significant risks related to security, equity, and ethics. Although limited by the absence of empirical field data, the study shows that Türkiye has begun adopting the algorithmic city approach, a trend likely to gain momentum. In this framework, the study provides a conceptual framework and lays the groundwork for future empirical research.

Özet

Klasik kentsel yönetim ve hizmet sunum modellerinin artan nüfus, iklim değişikliği ve kaynak baskısı karşısında yetersiz kalması, şehirlerin daha esnek ve teknoloji temelli yönetişim yaklaşımlarıyla yeniden ele alınmasını zorunlu kılmıştır. Akıllı şehir uygulamalarıyla başlayan bu dönüşüm süreci, veri temelli karar alma mekanizmalarının ve algoritmik sistemlerin yönetişim süreçlerine entegre edilmesiyle birlikte daha özgün bir aşamaya evrilmiştir. Bu bağlamda algoritmik şehir, dijitalleşme odaklı yeni bir kentsel yönetişim paradigmasının yansıması olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Buradan hareketle çalışmanın amacı, algoritmik şehir kavramını teorik ve uygulama boyutlarıyla ele alarak, söz konusu dönüşümün kentsel yönetişim, sürdürülebilirlik ve güvenlik politikaları üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektir. Çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemleri kapsamında literatür taraması ve doküman analizi yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Bu çerçevede öncelikle akıllı şehir kavramının gelişimi ele alınmış, ardından algoritmik şehrin kavramsal çerçevesi çizilerek uluslararası uygulama örnekleri değerlendirilmiştir. Son aşamada ise Türkiye’de algoritma temelli kentsel uygulamalar ve bu alandaki yönelimler analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, algoritmik sistemlerin eğitimden enerji güvenliğine, ulaşımdan iklim değişikliğiyle mücadeleye kadar pek çok alanda etkin biçimde kullanıldığını; ancak bu uygulamaların güvenlik, eşitlik ve etik açısından çeşitli riskler barındırdığını göstermektedir. Çalışma, ampirik saha verilerine dayanmaması bakımından sınırlılıklar içermekle birlikte, Türkiye’de algoritmik şehir yaklaşımına yönelik dönüşüm sürecinin ivme kazandığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çerçevede çalışma, kavramsal bir çerçeve sunarak gelecekte yapılacak ampirik araştırmalara da zemin hazırlamaktadır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Yıkıcı, A., Avaner, T. (2026). The algorithmic city as the spatial face of digital transformation: Initial steps in Türkiye. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı: 73, 87–96. https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.1789475

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (95)

  1. Adachi, M., & Pryjmak, K. (2025). Japanese smart cities in the context of local decarbonisation and international cooperation. İçinde M. M. Sokołowski & F. Shimpo (Eds.), Smart cities and Japan’s energy transition: past, present, and future (ss. 7-30). Routledge.
  2. AI4Cities. (2020). From frameworks to action! - Amsterdam and Helsinki’s AI registries. https://ai4cities.eu/news?c=search&uid=No8fCXkB
  3. Akıllı Şehirler Portalı. (2022). İzmir - İzmir tarımı mobil uygulaması. https://www.akillisehirler.gov.tr/proje-envanteri/izmir-tarimi-mobil-uygulamasi/
  4. Albino, V., Berardi, U., & Dangelico, R. M. (2015). Smart cities: Definitions, dimensions, performance, and initiatives. Journal of Urban Technology, 22(1), 3-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2014.942092
  5. Alfrink, K., Turel, T., Keller, A. I., Doorn, N., & Kortuem, G. W. (2020). Contestable city algorithms. International Conference on Machine Learning Workshop. https://participatoryml.github.io/papers/2020/32.pdf
  6. Amsterdam Science Park. (2025). AI accelerates perovskite solar cell development. https://www.amsterdamsciencepark.nl/news/ai-accelerates-perovskite-solar-cell-development/?_gl=1*1tvp32x*_up*MQ.*_ga*ODQxOTQ2MTAwLjE3Njg5Mjc4MDU.*_ga_6XZNCVJJ48*czE3Njg5Mjc4MDQkbzEkZzAkdDE3Njg5Mjc4MDQkajYwJGwwJGgw
  7. Aneesh, A. (2006). Virtual Migration: The Programming of Globalization. Duke University Press.
  8. Anthony Jnr, B. (2021). Managing digital transformation of smart cities through enterprise architecture–a review and research agenda. Enterprise Information Systems, 15(3), 299-331. https://doi.org/10.1080/17517575.2020.1812006
  9. Anttiroiko, A. V. (2019). Towards an algorithmic city: Transformation in politics, regulation, governance, and service provision. https://trepo.tuni.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/119768/Towards_an_algorithmic_city_2019.pdf?sequence=2
  10. Borriello, G. (2025). The grand challenge of public administration digitalization: The digital identity policy in Italy. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 1-18. Çevrimiçi ön yayın. https://doi.org/10.1177/00208523251333541
  11. Bursa Büyükşehir Belediyesi. (2024). Belediye personeline ‘yapay zeka’ kullanımı eğitimi. https://www.bursa.bel.tr/haber/belediye-personeline-yapay-zeka-kullanimi-egitimi-34595
  12. Carta, S. (2020). Big data, code and the discrete city: Shaping public realms. Routledge.
  13. Chandler, D. (2019). Digital governance in the anthropocene: The rise of the correlational machine. İçinde D. Chandler & C. Fuchs (Eds.), Digital objects, digital subjects: Interdisciplinary perspectives on capitalism, labour and politics in the age of big data (ss. 23-42). University of Westminster Press.
  14. City of Amsterdam. (2022). Grip on algorithms approach and tools for a responsible use of algorithms in Amsterdam. https://assets.amsterdam.nl/publish/pages/1053010/playbook_algorithms.pdf
  15. Cormen, T. H., Leiserson, C. E., Rivest, R. L., & Stein, C. (2009). Introduction to algorithms. MIT Press.
  16. de Castro Neto, M., & de Melo Cartaxo, T. (2021). Algorithmic cities: A dystopic or utopic future?. İçinde M. I. A. Ferreira (Ed.), How smart is your city?: Technological innovation, ethics and inclusiveness (ss. 59-73). Springer.
  17. De Gregorio, G. (2022). Digital constitutionalism in Europe: reframing rights and powers in the algorithmic society. Cambridge University Press.
  18. Digia. (2024). Digia helps city of Helsinki to experiment with AI. https://digia.com/en/news/digia-helps-city-of-helsinki-to-experiment-with-ai-4918526
  19. Dilek, E., Kurt, Y., Öztürk, S., Erşahin, M., Özcan, Ö., & Ünal, A. (2017). “İBB yol gösteren” ile akıllı hareketlilik. https://uym.ibb.gov.tr/documents/library/%C4%B0BB-Yol-Gosteren-Makale.pdf
  20. Eskişehir Büyükşehir Belediyesi. (2018). Minik parmaklar geleceği programlıyor. https://www.eskisehir.bel.tr/icerik-detay.php?icerik_id=3554&cat_icerik=1&menu_id=24
  21. European Parliament. (2014). Mapping smart cities in the EU. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/2014/507480/IPOL-ITRE_ET(2014)507480_EN.pdf
  22. European Parliament. (2022). The Dutch childcare benefit scandal, ınstitutional racism and algorithms. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/O-9-2022-000028_EN.html
  23. Ferreira, M. I. A. (2021). The smart city: The exponent of a civilization transition in the context of a global crisis. İçinde M. I. A. Ferreira (Ed.), How smart is your city?: Technological innovation, ethics and inclusiveness (ss. 1-15). Springer.
  24. Floridi, L. (2020). Artificial intelligence as a public service: Learning from Amsterdam and Helsinki. Philosophy & Technology, 33(4), 541-546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-020-00434-3
  25. Foth, M., Mitchell, P., & Estrada-Grajales, C. (2020). Today’s internet for tomorrow’s cities: On algorithmic culture and urban imaginaries. İçinde J. Hunsinger, M. M. Allen & L. Klastrup (Eds.), Second international handbook of internet research (ss. 725-746). Springer.
  26. Geddie, J., & Aravindan, A. (2018). Virtual Singapore project could be test bed for planners - and plotters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-singapore-technology-idUSKCN1M70U1
  27. Gemeente Amsterdam. (2024). Amsterdam’s vision on AI. https://assets.amsterdam.nl/publish/pages/1061246/amsterdam_visie_ai_wcag_engelse_versie.pdf
  28. Hamilton, K., Karahalios, K., Sandvig, C., & Langbort, C. (2014). The image of the algorithmic city: A research approach. Interaction Design and Architecture(s) Journal, 20, 61-71. https://doi.org/10.55612/s-5002-020-005
  29. Harrison, C., & Donnelly, I. A. (2011). A theory of smart cities. Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the ISSS-2011, Hull, UK. https://journals.isss.org/index.php/proceedings55th/article/view/1703/572
  30. Helsinki. (2019). Helsinki intelligent transport system development programme 2030: Developing traffic ınformation, new mobility services and automation. https://www.hel.fi/static/liitteet/kaupunkiymparisto/julkaisut/julkaisut/julkaisu-16-19-en.pdf
  31. Helsinki. (2022). The city of Helsinki established principles for the ethical use of data and artificial ıntelligence. https://www.hel.fi/en/news/the-city-of-helsinki-established-principles-for-the-ethical-use-of-data-and-artificial-intelligence
  32. Helsinki. (2023). How is Helsinki using AI and what it has to do with trust?. https://www.smarte-region-hessen.de/download/rautio_helsinki_ai_trust_2023.pdf
  33. Helsinki. (2024). The Helsinki learns – future competences. https://www.hel.fi/static/kasko/helsinkioppii/helsinki-learns-future-competences.pdf
  34. Högberg, C. (2024). Stabilizing translucencies: Governing AI transparency by standardization. Big Data & Society, 11(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517241234298
  35. Humphry, J. (2022). Homelessness and mobile communication: Precariously connected. Palgrave Macmillan.
  36. I amsterdam. (2025). How Amsterdam’s startups are using AI to make the world a better place. https://www.iamsterdam.com/en/business/startupamsterdam/insights-interviews/how-amsterdams-startups-are-using-ai-to-make-the-world-a-better-place
  37. International Energy Agency & Nordic Energy Research. (2016). Nordic energy technology perspectives 2016: Cities, flexibility and pathways to carbon-neutrality. https://www.nordicenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Nordic-Energy-Technology-Perspectives-2016.pdf
  38. International Energy Agency. (2024). Empowering urban energy transitions: Smart cities and smart grids. https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/00f7d520-d517-473d-b357-5adb43c4a57e/EmpoweringUrbanEnergyTransitions.pdf
  39. International Transport Forum. (2017). Shared mobility simulations for Helsinki. https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2017/10/shared-mobility-simulations-for-helsinki_fffddc3d/3d340a2a-en.pdf
  40. İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi. (2018). İBB yolgösteren. https://uym.ibb.gov.tr/kurumsal/haberler-ve-duyurular/ibb-yolgosteren-1
  41. İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi. (2022). İzmir tarımı mobil uygulaması 2022’nin en iyi projesi seçildi. https://www.izmir.bel.tr/tr/Haberler/izmir-tarimi-mobil-uygulamasi-2022-nin-en-iyi-projesi-secildi/47705/156
  42. Kahramanmaraş Büyükşehir Belediyesi. (2025). Çocuklar büyükşehir’in kodlama ve yapay zekâ atölyesinde. https://kahramanmaras.bel.tr/haber/2025/07/17/cocuklar-buyuksehirin-kodlama-ve-yapay-zeka-atolyesinde
  43. Kalpokas, I. (2019). Algorithmic governance politics and law in the post-human era. Palgrave Macmillan.
  44. Khan, B., & Ali, A. (2024). Introduction. İçinde O. P. Mahela, B. Khan & Pu. K. Jain (Eds.), Emerging electrical and computer technologies for smart cities: Modelling, solution techniques and applications (ss. 3-8). CRC Press.
  45. Kitchin, R. (2014). The real-time city? Big data and smart urbanism. GeoJournal, 79, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-013-9516-8
  46. Kitchin, R., Coletta, C., Evans, L., Heaphy, L., & Mac Donncha, D. (2019). Smart cities, algorithmic technocracy and new urban technocrats. İçinde M. Raco & F. Savini (Eds.), Planning and knowledge: How new forms of technocracy are shaping contemporary cities (ss. 199-211). Policy Press.
  47. Klumbytė, G., & Athanasiadou, L. (2022). Algorithmic governmentality and managerial fascism: The case of smart cities. İçinde R. Dolphijn & R. Braidotti (Eds.), Deleuze and Guattari and Fascism (ss. 84-104). Edinburgh University Press.
  48. Kocaeli Büyükşehir Belediyesi. (2025). Büyükşehir’de yapay zeka dönemi başlıyor. https://www.kocaeli.bel.tr/haber/buyuksehirde-yapay-zeka-donemi-basliyor-47408.html
  49. Konya Büyükşehir Belediyesi. (2021). Yeniliklerin öncüsü Konya Büyükşehir’den bir ilk daha. https://www.konya.bel.tr/haber/yeniliklerin-oncusu-konya-buyuksehirden-bir-ilk-daha
  50. Konya Büyükşehir Belediyesi. (2022). Konya akıllı şehir stratejisi ve yol haritası. https://api-akillisehir.konya.bel.tr/docs/uploaded/1708943847492-812340639.pdf
  51. Lazar, S. (2024). Lecture I: Governing the algorithmic city. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2410.20720
  52. Lazar, S. (2025). Governing the algorithmic city. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 53(2), 102-168. https://doi.org/10.1111/papa.12279
  53. Liu, Z., & Wu, J. (2023). A Review of the theory and practice of smart city construction in China. Sustainability, 15(9), 7161. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097161
  54. Maheshwari, N., Mohan, G., & Mishra, D. (2025). Digital transformation in governance: Preconditions for achieving good governance. Public Policy and Administration, 1-28. Çevrimiçi ön yayın. https://doi.org/10.1177/09520767251355715
  55. Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment. (2019). Leading the way into the age of artificial intelligence: Final report of Finland’s artificial intelligence programme 2019. https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/161688/41_19_Leading%20the%20way%20into%20the%20age%20of%20artificial%20intelligence.pdf
  56. Moats, D., & Trifuljesko, S. (2025). Valuable actions and actionable values: Tinkering with principles and practices in AI ethics. The Sociological Review, 73(6), 1368-1387. https://doi.org/10.1177/00380261251316661
  57. MOHUA Newspaper. (2024). Smart cities mission times. https://ujjainsmartcity.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Newspaper_SCM_MoHUA_new.pdf
  58. Nguyen, M. S. V., Sur, S. N., & Do, D. T. (2022). A comprehensive review on physical layer design for smart cities. İçinde S. N. Sur, V. E. Balas, A. K. Bhoi & A. Nayyar (Eds.), IoT and IoE driven smart cities (ss. 1-19). Springer.
  59. Nissenbaum, H. (2001). How computer systems embody values. Computer, 34(3), 118-120. https://doi.org/10.1109/2.910905
  60. Noordzij, L. (2023). Standard launched to help cities open up about algorithms. https://public-buyers-community.ec.europa.eu/communities/procurement-ai/news/standard-launched-help-cities-open-about-algorithms
  61. Oladipo, I. D., AbdulRaheem, M., Awotunde, J. B., Bhoi, A. K., Adeniyi, E. A., & Abiodun, M. K. (2022). Machine learning and deep learning algorithms for smart cities: A start-of-the-art review. İçinde S. N. Sur, V. E. Balas, A. K. Bhoi & A. Nayyar (Eds.), IoT and IoE driven smart cities (ss. 143-162). Springer.
  62. Owen, D. (2009). Green metropolis: Why living smaller, living closer, and driving less are the keys to sustainability. Riverhead Books.
  63. Paroutis, S., Bennett, M., & Heracleous, L. (2014). A strategic view on smart city technology: The case of IBM smarter cities during a recession. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 89, 262-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2013.08.041
  64. Pasquinelli, M. (2015). Anomaly detection: The mathematization of the abnormal in the metadata society.http://archive.eclass.uth.gr/eclass/modules/document/file.php/MHXD236/Pasquinelli%20-%20Anomaly_Detection_The_Mathematization_of.pdf
  65. Peeters, R., & Schuilenburg, M. (2021). The algorithmic society: An introduction. İçinde M. Schuilenburg & R. Peeters (Eds.), The algorithmic society: Technology, power, and knowledge (ss. 1-15). Routledge.
  66. Pollicino, O., & De Gregorio, G. (2022). Constitutional law in the algorithmic society. İçinde H.-W. Micklitz, O. Pollicino, A. Reichman, A. Simoncini, G. Sartor & G. De Gregorio (Eds.), Constitutional challenges in the algorithmic society (ss. 3-24). Cambridge University Press.
  67. Popelka. (2023). AI for urban service delivery in Helsinki. https://medium.com/urban-ai/ai-for-urban-service-delivery-in-helsinki-29c481b5b96b
  68. Prakash, B. R., & Dattasmita, H. V. (2023). A case study of command‐and‐control center—A DSS perspective. İçinde L. Gaur, V. Agarwal & P. Chatterjee (Eds.), decision support systems for smart city applications (ss. 17-33). Scrivener Publishing.
  69. Rahaman, S. M. A., & Azharuddin, M. (2024). Challenges and opportunities in green smart city adoption. İçinde N. Sharma, J. P. Verma, S. Gautam, V. E. Balas & S. Krishnan (Eds.), Green computing for sustainable smart cities: A data analytics applications perspective (ss. 242-270). CRC Press.
  70. Rastogi, R., Prajapati, S. K., Kumar, S., & Verma, S. (2023). Techno agri for new cities by smart irrigation. İçinde L. Gaur, V. Agarwal & P. Chatterjee (Eds.), Decision support systems for smart city applications (ss. 1-16). Scrivener Publishing.
  71. Rodrigues, M., Monteiro, V., Fernandes, B., Silva, F., Analide, C., & Santos, R. (2020). A gamification framework for getting residents closer to public institutions. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 11, 4569-4581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-019-01586-7
  72. Roy, S. (2024). A study of the future generation of smart cities using green technology. İçinde N. Sharma, J. P. Verma, S. Gautam, V. E. Balas & S. Krishnan (Eds.), Green computing for sustainable smart cities: A data analytics applications perspective (ss. 59-72). CRC Press.
  73. Sadowski, J., & Pasquale, F. (2015). The spectrum of control: A social theory of the smart city. First Monday, 20(7), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v20i7.5903
  74. Sakarya Büyükşehir Belediyesi. (2018). Yaratıcılık ve hayal gücü bir arada. https://sakarya.bel.tr/m/Haber/yaraticilik-ve-hayal-gucu-bir-arada/14092
  75. Sakarya Büyükşehir Belediyesi. (2025). Büyükşehir’den dijital bir hamle daha: Yerli ve milli uygulama ATLAS’ı geliştirdiler. https://www.sakarya.bel.tr/1/Haber/buyuksehirden-dijital-bir-hamle-daha-yerli-ve-milli-uygulama-atlasi-gelistirdiler/24601
  76. Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı & Cumhurbaşkanlığı Dijital Dönüşüm Ofisi Başkanlığı (2021). Ulusal yapay zekâ stratejisi 2021-2025. https://bilgem.tubitak.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/TR-UlusalYZStratejisi2021-2025-1.pdf
  77. Schuilenburg, M., & Pali, B. (2021). Smart city imaginaries: Looking beyond the techno-utopian vision. İçinde M. Schuilenburg & R. Peeters (Eds.), The algorithmic society: Technology, power, and knowledge (ss. 137-153). Routledge.
  78. Scott, K. (2016). The digital city and mediated urban ecologies. Palgrave Macmillan.
  79. Seaver, N (2019). Knowing algorithms. İçinde J. Vertesi & D. Ribes (Eds.), digitalSTS: A field guide for science & technology studies (ss. 412-422). Princeton University Press
  80. Sheikh, H., Prins, C., & Schrijvers, E. (2023). Mission AI: The new system technology. Springer.
  81. Sinimole, K. R., & Karri, S. L. (2024). Security and privacy issues in smart cities. İçinde S. Makkar, G. Ravindran, R. K. Chakrabortty & A. Pal (Eds.), Handbook of artificial ıntelligence for smart city development: Management systems and technology challenges (ss. 228-247). CRC Press.
  82. SmartCitiesWorld. (2024). City of Helsinki employees experiment with the use of AI. https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/ai-and-machine-learning/city-of-helsinki-employees-experiment-with-the-use-of-ai
  83. Smith, G. J. (2020). The politics of algorithmic governance in the black box city. Big Data & Society, 7(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951720933989
  84. Thilakarathne, N. N., & Priyashan, W. D. M. (2022). An overview of security and privacy in smart cities. İçinde S. N. Sur, V. E. Balas, A. K. Bhoi & A. Nayyar (Eds.), IoT and IoE driven smart cities (ss. 21-44). Springer.
  85. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı. (2024). “5G ve akıllı şehirler” konusu dijital etkinlikte ele alındı. https://hgm.uab.gov.tr/haberler/5g-ve-akilli-sehirler-konusu-dijital-etkinlikte-ele-alindi
  86. Ulfik, A. (2025). Innovative and smart cities of the future. İçinde J. Kabus, L. Piersiala & M. Dziadkiewicz (Eds.), The use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in the management of the innovative and smart city (ss. 19-40). CRC Press.
  87. United Nations Development Programme. (2025). Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities. https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-goals/sustainable-cities-and-communities
  88. Vincit. (2025). City of Helsinki. https://www.vincit.com/our-work/city-of-helsinki#:~:text=The%20City%20of%20Helsinki%20is,to%20their%20team%20since%202021
  89. Wernick, A., & Artyushina, A. (2023). Future-proofing the city: A human rights-based approach to governing algorithmic, biometric and smart city technologies. Internet Policy Review, 12(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.14763/2023.1.1695
  90. White, G., Zink, A., Codecá, L., & Clarke, S. (2021). A digital twin smart city for citizen feedback. Cities, 110, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.103064
  91. World Bank. (2025). Urban population (% of total population). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS
  92. Wray, S. (2023). Helsinki commits to explainable AI and human oversight. https://cities-today.com/helsinki-commits-to-explainable-ai-and-human-oversight/
  93. Yadav, M., Gautam, P. R., & Singhal, P. K. (2023). Inverse tree interleavers in UAV communications for interference mitigation. İçinde L. Gaur, V. Agarwal & P. Chatterjee (Eds.), Decision support systems for smart city applications (ss. 35-52). Scrivener Publishing.
  94. Yıldırım, E., & Gökmen, H. (2019). Yumuşak zemin tasarımında algoritma kullanımı: Bornova Cumhuriyet Meydanı örneği. Emer Mimarlık, (102), 54-59.
  95. Amsterdam Science Park. (2025). AI accelerates perovskite solar cell development. https://www.amsterdamsciencepark.nl/news/ai-accelerates-perovskite-solar-cell-development/?_gl=1*1tvp32x*_up*MQ.*_ga*ODQxOTQ2MTAwLjE3Njg5Mjc4MDU.*_ga_6XZNCVJJ48*czE3Njg5Mjc4MDQkbzEkZzAkdDE3Njg5Mjc4MDQkajYwJGwwJGgw