Journals / Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi / 2024 / Cilt: 33 Sayı: 2

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TAX REVENUES AND DEMOCRACY: AN APPLICATION ON EMERGING AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

VERGİ GELİRLERİ VE DEMOKRASİ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ: YÜKSELEN VE GELİŞMEKTE OLAN ÜLKELER ÜZERİNE BİR UYGULAMA

Şeref Can Serin(HARRAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ, İKTİSADİ VE İDARİ BİLİMLER FAKÜLTESİ, MALİYE BÖLÜMÜ)0000-0001-8575-9128
Murat Demir(HARRAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-1466-1104
Abdulvahap Uluç(HARRAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-2782-4451
Pages
854–871
Publication Date
2024-10-20
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Empirical findings indicate a positive relationship between democratization and taxation in advanced economies; however, this connection is ambiguous for emerging and developing countries.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:States collect taxes as one-way revenues based on their sovereign power to provide public goods and services.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Since the 13th century, the expeditions guiding economic and political reform movements, coupled with rebellions against non-representative taxation, have played a fundamental role in shaping concepts such as representation and taxation in the evolution of the modern public financial structures.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Empirical findings indicate a positive relationship between democratization and taxation in advanced economies; however, this connection is ambiguous for emerging and developing countries.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:2000-2018 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Mali Sosyoloji · Vergilendirme · Demokrasi

Abstract

States collect taxes as one-way revenues based on their sovereign power to provide public goods and services. However, over time, taxes have evolved from being based solely on the pure sovereign power of the states to an authority arising from the power of representation. In this context, the connection between taxation and democracy has become one of the critical discussion topics in the fiscal sociology literature. Since the 13th century, the expeditions guiding economic and political reform movements, coupled with rebellions against non-representative taxation, have played a fundamental role in shaping concepts such as representation and taxation in the evolution of the modern public financial structures. In parallel with the theoretical discussions, a broad empirical literature examining the connection between democracy and taxation has emerged due to attempts to measure the typology of political regimes in a country. Empirical findings indicate a positive relationship between democratization and taxation in advanced economies; however, this connection is ambiguous for emerging and developing countries. This study takes this gap in the literature into account and examines the effects of democratization, urbanization, and institutional quality indicators on tax revenues for 41 emerging and developing countries in the 2000-2018 period with dynamic panel data analysis techniques. Our findings indicate that democratization and the increasing share of urban population in total population have a positive impact on tax revenues in the context of emerging and developing countries.

Özet

Vergiler, devletlerin kamusal mal ve hizmet sunumunu gerçekleştirmek amacıyla egemenlik gücüne dayalı olarak tahsil ettikleri, karşılıksız gelirlerdir. Ancak vergiler başlangıçta devletlerin salt egemenlik gücüne dayandırılırken zaman içerisinde temsil yetkisinden doğan bir yetki haline evrilmiştir. Bu kapsamda vergilendirme ve demokrasi arasındaki bağlantı, mali sosyoloji literatürünün önemli tartışma konularından bir tanesi haline gelmiştir. 13. yüzyıldan itibaren iktisadi ve siyasi reform hareketlerine yön veren arayışlar, temsilsiz vergilendirmeye karşı başlatılan isyanlar, modern kamu mali yapısının evriminde önemli rol oynayarak temsiliyet ve vergilendirme gibi kavramların şekillenmesini sağlamıştır. Söz konusu teorik tartışmalara paralel olarak bir ülkedeki yönetim rejiminin tipolojisinin ölçülme girişimleri sonucunda, demokrasi ve vergilendirme arasındaki bağlantıyı inceleyen geniş bir ampirik literatür oluşmuştur. Ampirik bulgular gelişmiş ekonomiler açısından demokratikleşme ve vergilendirme arasında pozitif bir ilişkinin bulunduğuna, ancak gelişmekte olan ülkeler açısından bu bağlantının muğlak olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Bu çalışma literatürdeki bu boşluğu dikkate alır boyutta, 41 yükselen ve gelişmekte olan ülke için 2000-2018 döneminde vergi gelirleri üzerinde, demokratikleşme, kentlileşme ve kurumsal kalite göstergelerinin etkilerini dinamik panel veri analiz teknikleriyle incelenmektedir. Bulgularımız yükselen ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler açısından demokratikleşmenin ve kentli nüfusun toplam nüfus içerisindeki payının artmasının vergi gelirleri üzerinde iyileştirici bir etki oluşturduğuna işaret etmektedir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Serin, Ş. C., Demir, M., Uluç, A. (2024). THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TAX REVENUES AND DEMOCRACY: AN APPLICATION ON EMERGING AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 2, 854–871. https://doi.org/10.35379/cusosbil.1498304

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (51)

  1. Acemoglu, D., Naidu, S., Restrepo, P., and Robinson, J. A. (2015). Democracy, redistribution, and inequality. A. B. Atkinson & F. Bourguignon (Eds.), Handbook of income distribution (pp. 1885–1966). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-59429-7.00022-4
  2. Acemoglu, D., and Robinson, J. A. (2012). Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, And Poverty. Profile Books.
  3. Acemoglu, D., and Robinson, J. A. (2019). The Narrow Coridor: State, Societie and Fate of Liberty. Penguin.
  4. Ahn, S. C., and Schmidt, P. (1995). Efficient estimation of models for dynamic panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 5–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01641-C
  5. Akca, H., Yurdadog, V., and Bozatlı, O. (2019). A study about the fiscal democracy approach and the Republic of Turkey. Revista Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores, 7(95): 1-23. https://doi.org/10.46377/dilemas.v29i1.1854
  6. Akgül, A. (2022). İstatistiksel Analiz Teknikleri: SPSS’te İşletme Yönetimi ve İktisat Uygulamaları. Alfa Yayınları.
  7. Andersson, P. F. (2018). Democracy, urbanization, and tax revenue. Studies in Comparative International Development, 53(1), 111–150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-017-9235-0
  8. Arellano, M., and Bond, S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. The Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277–297. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297968
  9. Arellano, M., and Bover, O. (1995). Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models. Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 29–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01642-D
  10. Ashraf, M., and Sarwar, S. (2016). Institutional Determinants of tax buoyancy ın developing nations. Journal of Emerging Economies & Islamic Research, 4(1), 1–12.
  11. Balamatsias, P. (2018). Democracy and taxation. Economics, 12(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2018-27
  12. Baltagi, B. H. (2021). Econometric Analysis of panel data (6th ed.). Springer.
  13. Bartlett, M. S. (1950). Tests of significance in factor analysis. British Journal of Psychology, 3, 77–85.
  14. Baskaran, T. (2014). Taxation and democratization. World Development, 56, 287–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.11.011
  15. Baskaran, T., and Bigsten, A. (2013). Fiscal capacity and the quality of government in Sub-saharan Africa. World Development, 45, 92–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.09.018
  16. Blundell, R., and Bond, S. (1998). Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, 87(1), 115–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00009-8
  17. Boix, C. (2003). Democracy and redistribution. Cambridge University Press.
  18. Cevik, S. (2018). The composition of government revenue and democracy: A cross-country examination. M. M. Erdoğdu, M. S. Zouboulakis, S. M. Akar, and B. T. İçke (Eds.), Public Sector Economics & Development (pp. 15–32). Ijopec Publication.
  19. Cheibub, J. A. (1998). Political regimes and the extractive capacity of governments: taxation in democracies and dictatorships. World Politics, 50(3), 349–376. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887100012843 Ehrhart, H. (2012). Assessing the relationship between democracy and domestic taxes in developing countries. Economics Bulletin, 32(1), 551–556.
  20. Fauvelle-Aymar, C. (1999). The political and tax capacity of government in developing countries. Kyklos, 52(3), 391–413. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.1999.tb00224.x
  21. Garcia, M. M., and von Haldenwang, C. (2016). Do democracies tax more? Political regime type and taxation. Journal of International Development, 28(4), 485–506. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3078
  22. Gujarati, D. N., and Porter, D. (2018). Temel Ekonometri (5th ed.). Literatür Yayıncılık. Hansen, L. P., and Singleton, K. J. (1982). Generalized instrumental variables estimation of nonlinear rational expectations models. Econometrica, 50(5), 1269–1286. https://doi.org/10.2307/1911873
  23. IMF. (2024). World Economic Outlook.https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/groups-and-aggregates
  24. Jin Yi, D. (2012). No taxation, no democracy? Taxation, income inequality, and democracy. Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 15(2), 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/17487870.2012.672252
  25. Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291575
  26. Kaplan, E. A., and Dayıoğlu Erul, R. (2023). Türk dünyasında vergi-demokrasi ilişkisi: Montesquieu paradoksu çıkmazı. Fiscaoeconomia, 7(1), 301-326. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1116832
  27. Kato, J., and Tanaka, S. (2019). Does taxation lose its role in contemporary democratisation? State revenue production revisited in the third wave of democratisation. European Journal of Political Research, 58(1), 184–208. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12276
  28. Kaufmann, D., and Kraay, A. (2024). Worldwide Governance Indicators, 2023 Update (Version 2023). www.govindicators.org
  29. Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., and Mastruzzi, M. (2010). Response to ‘what do the worldwide governance ındicators measure?’ The European Journal of Development Research, 22(1), 55–58. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2009.49
  30. Kenny, L. W., and Winer, S. L. (2006). Tax systems in the world: an empirical ınvestigation into the ımportance of tax bases, administration costs, scale and political regime. International Tax and Public Finance, 13(2), 181–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-006-3564-7
  31. Mahdavi, S. (2008). The level and composition of tax revenue in developing countries: Evidence from unbalanced panel data. International Review of Economics & Finance, 17(4), 607–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2008.01.001
  32. Meltzer, A. H., and Richard, S. F. (1983). Tests of a rational theory of the size of government. Public Choice, 41(3), 403–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00141072
  33. Mulligan, C. B., Gil, R., and Sala-i-Martin, X. (2004). Do democracies have different public policies than nondemocracies? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18(1), 51–74. https://doi.org/10.1257/089533004773563430
  34. Mutascu, M. (2011). Taxation and democracy. Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 14(4), 343–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/17487870.2011.635037
  35. Nickell, S. (1981). Biases in dynamic models with fixed effects. Econometrica, 49(6), 1417–1426. https://doi.org/10.2307/1911408
  36. Özhan, M., and Keyifli, N. (2020). Vergi gelirleri, kentleşme ve demokrasi: G20 ülkeleri üzerine ekonometrik bir çalışma. EKEV Akademi Dergisi, 84, 391-408.
  37. Persson, T., and Tabellini, G. (2009). Democratic capital: the nexus of political and economic change. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 1(2), 88–126. https://doi.org/10.1257/mac.1.2.88
  38. Prichard, W., Salardi, P., and Segal, P. (2018). Taxation, non-tax revenue and democracy: New evidence using new cross-country data. World Development, 109, 295–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.05.014
  39. Profeta, P., Puglisi, R., and Scabrosetti, S. (2013). Does democracy affect taxation and government spending? Evidence from developing countries. Journal of Comparative Economics, 41(3), 684–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2012.10.004
  40. Rashid, H., Warsame, H., and Khan, S. (2021). The differential ımpact of democracy on tax revenues in developing and developed countries. International Journal of Public Administration, 44(8), 623–635. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2020.1741616
  41. Roodman, D. (2009). How to do Xtabond2: An introduction to difference and system GMM in stata. The Stata Journal, 9(1), 86–136. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0900900106
  42. Rosen, H. S., and Gayer, T. (2010). Public Finance(9 th. Ed.). McGraw Hill Higher Education.
  43. Ross, M. L. (2004). Does taxation lead to representation? British Journal of Political Science, 34(2), 229–249. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123404000031
  44. Sargan, J. D. (1958). The estimation of economic relationships using ınstrumental variables. Econometrica, 26(4 393–415. https://doi.org/10.2307/1907619
  45. Timmons, J. F. (2010). Taxation and representation in recent history. The Journal of Politics, 72(1), 191–208. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381609990569
  46. WDI Prosperity data360. (2024). Polity database: revised combined polity score (PV). https://prosperitydata360.worldbank.org/en/indicator/POLITY5+PRC+polity2
  47. Windmeijer, F. (2005). A finite sample correction for the variance of linear efficient two-step GMM estimators. Journal of Econometrics, 126(1), 25–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2004.02.005
  48. World Bank Open Data. (2024). Total tax revenue % of GDP. World Bank Open Data. https://data.worldbank.org Worldwide Governance Indicators. (2024). Worldwide Governance Indicators. https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators
  49. Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2020). İleri panel veri analizi: Stata uygulamalı. Beta Basım Yayım.
  50. Yurdadoǧ, V., Karadaǧ, N. C., Albayrak, M., and Bozatlı, O. (2022). Analysis of non-tax revenue: evidence from European Union. Amfiteatru Economic, 24(60), 485-506. https://doi.org/10.24818/EA/2022/60/485
  51. Zarra-Nezhad, M., Ansari, M. S., and Moradi, M. (2016). Determinants of tax revenue: does liberalization boost or decline it?. Journal of Economic Cooperation & Development, 37(2), 103–126.