Journals / Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 41 Sayı: 2

Effect of welding travel speed and post-weld artificial aging on the mechanical and microstructural properties of friction stir welded AA6063-T6 aluminum alloy

Sürtünme karıştırma kaynağı ile birleştirilen AA6063-T6 alüminyum alaşımlarında kaynak ilerleme hızı ve kaynak sonrası yapay yaşlandırmanın mekanik ve mikroyapısal özelliklere etkisi

Halil Ulupınar(Çuhadaroğlu Metal Sanayi ve Pazarlama A.Ş.)0000-0002-1517-026X
Yiğit Güller(Çuhadaroğlu Metal Sanayi ve Pazarlama A.Ş.)0000-0002-8120-398X
Pages
1393–1410
Publication Date
2026-07-20
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the softening problem typically encountered in friction stir welding can be largely mitigated through the optimization of welding parameters combined with an appropriate artificial aging treatment, enabling the production of joints with properties superior to those of the base metal.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:In this study, the effects of varying welding travel speeds and post-weld artificial aging treatment on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of AA6063-T6 aluminum alloy joints produced by friction stir welding were investigated.
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Key Findings & Data:Conversely, the post-weld artificial aging treatment facilitated the reprecipitation of fine and dense Mg₂Si phases within the matrix, thereby homogenizing the hardness distribution and significantly enhancing mechanical performance.
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Conclusion & Impact:In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the softening problem typically encountered in friction stir welding can be largely mitigated through the optimization of welding parameters combined with an appropriate artificial aging treatment, enabling the production of joints with properties superior to those of the base metal.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Sürtünme karıştırma kaynağı · yapay yaşlandırma · mekanik özellikler

Abstract

In this study, the effects of varying welding travel speeds and post-weld artificial aging treatment on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of AA6063-T6 aluminum alloy joints produced by friction stir welding were investigated. The joints were fabricated using a constant tool rotational speed and three different travel speeds, followed by a post-weld artificial aging treatment applied under a controlled atmosphere. Characterization of the welded joints was performed using tensile tests, microhardness mapping, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy analyses. In the as-welded specimens, a distinct softening behavior in the heat-affected zone and a characteristic W-shaped hardness profile were observed, attributed to the dissolution or coarsening of strengthening precipitates induced by the welding thermal cycle. Conversely, the post-weld artificial aging treatment facilitated the reprecipitation of fine and dense Mg₂Si phases within the matrix, thereby homogenizing the hardness distribution and significantly enhancing mechanical performance. Notably, the specimens welded at a travel speed of 300 mm/min and subsequently aged exhibited strength values superior to those of the base metal, achieving a joint efficiency of 108.8%. It was observed that the increase in strength was accompanied by a slight reduction in ductility, and the fracture mechanism shifted from a ductile mode to a mixed fracture mode featuring shallower dimples. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the softening problem typically encountered in friction stir welding can be largely mitigated through the optimization of welding parameters combined with an appropriate artificial aging treatment, enabling the production of joints with properties superior to those of the base metal.

Özet

Bu çalışmada sürtünme karıştırma kaynağı yöntemiyle birleştirilen AA6063-T6 alüminyum alaşımlarında farklı kaynak ilerleme hızlarının ve kaynak sonrası yapay yaşlandırma işleminin mikroyapısal dönüşüm ve mekanik özellikler üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Deneysel süreçte sabit takım dönme hızı ve üç farklı ilerleme hızı kullanılarak birleştirmeler gerçekleştirilmiş ve ardından numunelere kontrollü atmosfer altında yapay yaşlandırma işlemi uygulanmıştır. Birleştirmelerin karakterizasyonu amacıyla çekme testleri ve mikrosertlik haritalamaları ile optik ve taramalı elektron mikroskobu analizleri yapılmıştır. Kaynak durumundaki numunelerde termal döngü etkisiyle güçlendirici çökeltilerin çözünmesi veya kabalaşması sonucu ısıdan etkilenmiş bölgede belirgin bir yumuşama davranışı ve karakteristik W şeklinde sertlik profili tespit edilmiştir. Buna karşın kaynak sonrası uygulanan yapay yaşlandırma işlemi ile matris içerisinde ince ve yoğun Mg₂Si fazının yeniden çökelmesi sağlanarak sertlik dağılımı homojen hale getirilmiş ve mekanik performans önemli ölçüde iyileştirilmiştir. Özellikle 300 mm/dk ilerleme hızı ile üretilen ve yaşlandırılan numunelerde ana metalden daha yüksek mukavemet değerleri elde edilerek %108,8'lik bir kaynak verimliliğine ulaşılmıştır. Mukavemet artışına paralel olarak süneklikte bir miktar azalma meydana geldiği ve kırılma davranışının sünek moddan daha sığ oyukçuklar içeren karma bir karaktere dönüştüğü gözlemlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak kaynak parametrelerinin optimizasyonu ve uygun yaşlandırma işlemi kombinasyonu ile sürtünme karıştırma kaynağında karşılaşılan yumuşama sorununun yüksek oranda giderilebileceği ve ana metalden daha üstün özelliklere sahip birleştirmelerin üretilebileceği ortaya konulmuştur.

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Cite This Article

Ulupınar, H., Güller, Y. (2026). Effect of welding travel speed and post-weld artificial aging on the mechanical and microstructural properties of friction stir welded AA6063-T6 aluminum alloy. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 2, 1393–1410. https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.1822533

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