Smart biologics for crop protection in agricultural systems

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1. Madhaiyan et al. (2006) Bacillus circulans DUC1, B. firmus DUC2, B. Root and shoot elongation globisporus DUC3 Ghosh et al. (2003) Pseudomonas sp. Bradyrhizobium sp. Promoted nodulation Shaharoona et al. (2006) Antibiotics Fusarium oxysporum Koumoutsi et al. (2004) Lysobacter sp. strain SB-K88 Aphanomyces cochlioides Islam et al. (2005) B. subtilis QST713 Botrytis cinerea and R. Solani Paulitz and Belanger (2001),
2. Kloepper et al. (2004) B. subtilis BBG100 Pythium aphanidermatum Leclere et al. (2005) P. fluorescens 2-79 and 30-84 Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici Thomashow et al. (1990)
3. Bacillus subtilis, EU07 Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis Baysal et al. (2008; 2013) lycopersici Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CHA0 Peronospora parasitica Iavicoli et al. (2003) Lytic enzymes such as chitinases and proteases Fusarium udum Rangeshwaran and Prasad (2000) T. harzianum Penicillium expansum Batta (2004) B. subtilis Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis Baysal et al. (2008; 2013) lycopersici Volatile organic compounds 2,3-butanediol Ryu et al. (2004) Pseudomonas Putida WCS 358, BTP1 Lipopolysaccharide, Siderophore, Z,3- hexenal Meziane et al. (2005)
4. Ongena et al. (2004) Bacillus subtilis EU07 2,3-butanediol, acetoin Baysal et al. (2013) Bacillus pumilus 203-6 Peroxidase, β-1,3-glucanase Bargabus et al. (2004) Phages Isolated and characterized in vitro for Boulé et al. (2011) control of E. amylovora. In greenhouse trials, pretreatment of tomato seedlings with RSL1 prevented bacterial wilt in all plants Isolated and partly characterized in vitro for control of R. solanecearum. In addition to microbes, phytopathogen-specific phages have potential for biocontrol. It is necessary to test their efficacy in relation to plant disease before scaling up phage preparations, which requires knowledge about the characteristics and lifestyle of the phages (Ackermann et al., 2004). The table summarizes the results of phage trials that have been performed on a range of phytopathogens including Erwinia amylovora and Ralstonia solanacearum. However, field trials are biologically complex and the presence of other microbes and pathogens can influence the effectiveness of the phages when introduced into fields (Adriaenssens et al., 2012). 9. Conclusion Soils are, to some extent, living laboratories where the complex interactions between microorganisms result in disease suppression. Characterization of biological communities in soil has proved to be a formidable challenge, and the natur