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Dergiler / Turkish Online Journal of English Language Teaching / 2026 / Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1

Improvement on TOEFL through reading and without formal instruction: Another look at Işık (2013)

Stephen Krashen
Sayfa
24–25
Yayın Tarihi
2018-01-30
DOI
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⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

This short report includes supplementary data and comments for Işık’s (2013) study in which he reported on the achievement on the TOEFL examination of two groups in Turkey.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:This short report includes supplementary data and comments for Işık’s (2013) study in which he reported on the achievement on the TOEFL examination of two groups in Turkey.
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Temel Bulgular & Veri:This short report includes supplementary data and comments for Işık’s (2013) study in which he reported on the achievement on the TOEFL examination of two groups in Turkey.
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Sonuç & Katkı:This short report includes supplementary data and comments for Işık’s (2013) study in which he reported on the achievement on the TOEFL examination of two groups in Turkey.
🔬Tür:Not
📍Kapsam:2013 Verileri
⚙️Değişkenler:reading · formal instruction · TOEFL

Abstract

This short report includes supplementary data and comments for Işık’s (2013) study in which he reported on the achievement on the TOEFL examination of two groups in Turkey.

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Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Krashen, S. (2018). Improvement on TOEFL through reading and without formal instruction: Another look at Işık (2013). Turkish Online Journal of English Language Teaching, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 24–25. https://ajindex.com/articles/1660825

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Kaynakça (4)

  1. Gradman, H., & E. Hanania. (1991). Language learning background factors and ESL proficiency. Modern Language Journal, 75, 39-51.
  2. Işık, A. (2013). To what extent does a university level English program meet Workplace Demands? Education Journal, 2(3). 98-107.
  3. Mason, B. (2006). Free voluntary reading and autonomy in second language acquisition. International Journal of Foreign Language Teaching, 2(1), 2-5.
  4. Mason, B., & Krashen, S. (2017). Self-selected reading and TOEIC performance: Evidence from case histories. Shitennoji University Bulletin, 63, 469-475. http://www.sdkrashen.com/articles.php?cat=2