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Journals / Turkish Online Journal of English Language Teaching / 2026 / Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1

Improvement on TOEFL through reading and without formal instruction: Another look at Işık (2013)

Stephen Krashen
Pages
24–25
Publication Date
2018-01-30
DOI
—
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

This short report includes supplementary data and comments for Işık’s (2013) study in which he reported on the achievement on the TOEFL examination of two groups in Turkey.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This short report includes supplementary data and comments for Işık’s (2013) study in which he reported on the achievement on the TOEFL examination of two groups in Turkey.
📊
Key Findings & Data:This short report includes supplementary data and comments for Işık’s (2013) study in which he reported on the achievement on the TOEFL examination of two groups in Turkey.
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Conclusion & Impact:This short report includes supplementary data and comments for Işık’s (2013) study in which he reported on the achievement on the TOEFL examination of two groups in Turkey.
🔬Design:Not
📍Scope:2013 Verileri
⚙️Variables:reading · formal instruction · TOEFL

Abstract

This short report includes supplementary data and comments for Işık’s (2013) study in which he reported on the achievement on the TOEFL examination of two groups in Turkey.

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Cite This Article

Krashen, S. (2018). Improvement on TOEFL through reading and without formal instruction: Another look at Işık (2013). Turkish Online Journal of English Language Teaching, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 24–25. https://ajindex.com/articles/1660825

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References (4)

  1. Gradman, H., & E. Hanania. (1991). Language learning background factors and ESL proficiency. Modern Language Journal, 75, 39-51.
  2. Işık, A. (2013). To what extent does a university level English program meet Workplace Demands? Education Journal, 2(3). 98-107.
  3. Mason, B. (2006). Free voluntary reading and autonomy in second language acquisition. International Journal of Foreign Language Teaching, 2(1), 2-5.
  4. Mason, B., & Krashen, S. (2017). Self-selected reading and TOEIC performance: Evidence from case histories. Shitennoji University Bulletin, 63, 469-475. http://www.sdkrashen.com/articles.php?cat=2