KaydedilenlerDerginizi ekleyin

Dergiler / Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi / 2025 / Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2

Yüksek Verimli ve Uzun Dönem Kararlı Perovskit Güneş Hücrelerinin Üretimi için Arayüzeyin APMS Molekülleri ile Modifikasyonu

Modification of Interface with APMS Molecules for the Fabrication of Highly Efficient and Long-Term Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

Yasemin Torlak(PAMUKKALE UNIVERSITY)0000-0001-5964-2532
Sayfa
262–271
Yayın Tarihi
2025-12-24
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Sonuç olarak APMS küçük moleküllerinin perovskit hücrelerin yüzey özelliklerini de iyileştirerek hücre performansını arttırdığı ve en önemli sorunlarından biri olan kararlılık problemine çözüm sunma potansiyeli olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:Perovskit malzemesinin yüzey morfolojisi, yüksek nem hassasiyeti, yüksek verimli perovskit güneş hücreleri (PSC'ler) için kritik öneme sahiptir.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:Arayüzey tabakasının sınırları, hücre içine doğru meydana gelen iyon göçü ve film yüzeyindeki kusurlar, PSC'lerin verimliliğini ve kararlılığını olumsuz yönde etkileyen unsurlardır.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:Sonuç olarak APMS küçük moleküllerinin perovskit hücrelerin yüzey özelliklerini de iyileştirerek hücre performansını arttırdığı ve en önemli sorunlarından biri olan kararlılık problemine çözüm sunma potansiyeli olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
🔬Tür:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Kapsam:Genişletilmiş Akademik Örneklem
⚙️Değişkenler:Perovskit güneş hücreleri · Kararsızlık problemi · Yarı iletken aygıtlar

Özet

Perovskit malzemesinin yüzey morfolojisi, yüksek nem hassasiyeti, yüksek verimli perovskit güneş hücreleri (PSC'ler) için kritik öneme sahiptir. Arayüzey tabakasının sınırları, hücre içine doğru meydana gelen iyon göçü ve film yüzeyindeki kusurlar, PSC'lerin verimliliğini ve kararlılığını olumsuz yönde etkileyen unsurlardır. Ayrıca bu filmlerin yüzeyinde ve tanecik sınırlarında bulunan kusurlar nedeniyle yük rekombinasyonu üzerinde de olumsuz bir etkiye sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, TiO2 ve perovskit filminin kusurları pasifleştirmek için bir silan birleştirme maddesi olan küçük molekül olarak 3-aminopropiltrimetoksisilan (APMS) kullanıldığı hücrelerinin üretimi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Perovskit taneciklerinin kristalliği ve düzgünlüğünü iyileştirerek çözeltiyle işlenmiş düzlemsel heteroeklemli güneş hücreleri için güç dönüşüm verimliliği, daha az histerezis ile %8,95'ten %9,77'ye çıkarıldı. Sonuç olarak APMS küçük moleküllerinin perovskit hücrelerin yüzey özelliklerini de iyileştirerek hücre performansını arttırdığı ve en önemli sorunlarından biri olan kararlılık problemine çözüm sunma potansiyeli olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Abstract

The surface morphology of perovskite material is critical for high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs), due to its high sensitivity to humidity. The boundaries of the interface layer, ion migration into the cell, and defects on the film surface negatively affect the efficiency and stability of PSCs. Furthermore, defects on the surface and at the grain boundaries of these films also have a negative impact on charge recombination. In this study, the fabrication of cells using 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APMS), a silane coupling agent, as a small molecule to passivate defects in a TiO2 and perovskite film was achieved. By improving the crystallinity and uniformity of perovskite grains, the power conversion efficiency for solution-treated planar heterojunction solar cells was increased from 8.95% to 9.77% with less hysteresis. In conclusion, it was determined that APMS small molecules improve the surface properties of perovskite cells, enhancing cell performance and offering a potential solution to one of their most significant problems: stability.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Torlak, Y. (2025). Yüksek Verimli ve Uzun Dönem Kararlı Perovskit Güneş Hücrelerinin Üretimi için Arayüzeyin APMS Molekülleri ile Modifikasyonu. Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 262–271. https://doi.org/10.18586/msufbd.1709835

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (78)

  1. N. Suresh Kumar and K. Chandra Babu Naidu, “A review on perovskite solar cells (PSCs), materials and applications,” J. Mater., vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 940–956, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jmat.2021.04.002.
  2. C. Battaglia, A. Cuevas, and S. De Wolf, “High-efficiency crystalline silicon solar cells: Status and perspectives,” Energy Environ. Sci., vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 1552–1576, 2016, doi: 10.1039/c5ee03380b.
  3. J. Yu, Y. Zheng, and J. Huang, “Towards high performance organic photovoltaic cells: A review of recent development in organic photovoltaics,” Polymers (Basel)., vol. 6, no. 9, pp. 2473–2509, 2014, doi: 10.3390/polym6092473.
  4. J. Ramanujam and U. P. Singh, “Copper indium gallium selenide based solar cells - A review,” Energy Environ. Sci., vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 1306–1319, 2017, doi: 10.1039/c7ee00826k.
  5. D. A. R. Barkhouse, O. Gunawan, T. Gokmen, T. K. Todorov, and D. B. Mitzi, “Yield predictions for photovoltaic power plants:empirical validation,recent advances and remaining uncertainties,” Prog. Photovoltaics Res. Appl., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 6–11, 2015, doi: 10.1002/pip.
  6. B. M. Başol and B. Mccandless, “Brief review of cadmium telluride-based photovoltaic technologies,” SPIE Sel. 50 Years Sol. Energy Res., no. July, pp. 117–127, 2024, doi: 10.1117/1.JPE.4.040996.
  7. J. Major, “Grain boundaries in CdTe thin film solar cells: a review.” p. Semicond. Sci. Technol. 31 093001 (19pp), 2016.
  8. G. H. Carey, A. L. Abdelhady, Z. Ning, S. M. Thon, O. M. Bakr, and E. H. Sargent, “Colloidal Quantum Dot Solar Cells,” Chem. Rev., vol. 115, no. 23, pp. 12732–12763, 2015, doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00063.
  9. Zhu, M., Miao, J., Hu, Z., Chen, Y., Liu, M., Murtaza, I., & Meng, H., “A novel A-D-A small molecule with 1,8-naphthalimide as a potential non-fullerene acceptor for solution processable solar cells,” Dye. Pigment., vol. 142, pp. 39–50, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2017.03.015.
  10. B. Saparov and D. B. Mitzi, “Organic-Inorganic Perovskites: Structural Versatility for Functional Materials Design,” Chem. Rev., vol. 116, no. 7, pp. 4558–4596, 2016, doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00715.
  11. De Wolf, S., Holovsky, J., Moon, S. J., Löper, P., Niesen, B., Ledinsky, M., Ballif, C. “Organometallic halide perovskites: Sharp optical absorption edge and its relation to photovoltaic performance,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett., vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1035–1039, 2014, doi: 10.1021/jz500279b.
  12. Q. Dong, “Electron-hole diffusion lengths > 175 μ m in solution-grown CH3NH3PbI3 single crystals,” Science (80-. )., vol. 347, no. 6225, pp. 967–970, 2015.
  13. H. J. Snaith, “Perovskites: The emergence of a new era for low-cost, high-efficiency solar cells,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett., vol. 4, no. 21, pp. 3623–3630, 2013, doi: 10.1021/jz4020162.
  14. Stranks, S. D., Eperon, G. E., Grancini, G., Menelaou, C., Alcocer, M. J., Leijtens, T., Snaith, H. J. “Electron-hole diffusion lengths exceeding 1 micrometer in an organometal trihalide perovskite absorber,” Science (80-. )., vol. 342, no. 6156, pp. 341–344, 2013, doi: 10.1126/science.1243982.
  15. D. B. Mitzi, C. A. Feild, W. T. A. Harrison, and A. M. Guloy, “Conducting tin halides with a layered organic-based perovskite structure,” Nature, vol. 369, no. 6480, pp. 467–469, 1994, doi: 10.1038/369467a0.
  16. E. B. Kim, M. S. Akhtar, H. S. Shin, S. Ameen, and M. K. Nazeeruddin, “A review on two-dimensional (2D) and 2D-3D multidimensional perovskite solar cells: Perovskites structures, stability, and photovoltaic performances,” J. Photochem. Photobiol. C Photochem. Rev., vol. 48, no. June 2020, p. 100405, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100405.
  17. Xu, Z., De Rosia, T., Weeks, K., Photoluminescence-voltage (PL-V) hysteresis of perovskite solar cells. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 121(39), 2017, doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b06711.
  18. M. H. Miah, M. U. Khandaker, M. B. Rahman, M. Nur-E-Alam, and M. A. Islam, “Band gap tuning of perovskite solar cells for enhancing the efficiency and stability: issues and prospects,” RSC Adv., vol. 14, no. 23, pp. 15876–15906, 2024, doi: 10.1039/d4ra01640h.
  19. Burschka, J., Pellet, N., Moon, S. J., Humphry-Baker, R., Gao, P., Nazeeruddin, M. K., & Grätzel, M., “Sequential deposition as a route to high-performance perovskite-sensitized solar cells,” Nature, vol. 499, no. 7458, pp. 316–319, 2013, doi: 10.1038/nature12340.
  20. X. Ding et al., “Passivation functionalized phenothiazine-based hole transport material for highly efficient perovskite solar cell with efficiency exceeding 22%,” Chem. Eng. J., vol. 410, no. December 2020, p. 128328, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.128328.
  21. Cho, H., Jeong, S. H., Park, M. H., Kim, Y. H., Wolf, C., Lee, C. L., “Overcoming the electroluminescence efficiency limitations of perovskite light-emitting diodes,” Science (80-. )., vol. 350, no. 6265, pp. 1222–1225, 2015, doi: 10.1126/science.aad1818.
  22. Sathiyan, G., Syed, A. A., Chen, C., Wu, C., Tao, L., Ding, X., Ding, L. “Dual effective dopant based hole transport layer for stable and efficient perovskite solar cells,” Nano Energy, vol. 72, p. 104673, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.104673.
  23. Y Rong, Y., Hu, Y., Mei, A., Tan, H., Saidaminov, M. I., Seok, S. I., Han, H. “Challenges for commercializing perovskite solar cells,” Science (80-. )., vol. 361, no. 6408, 2018, doi: 10.1126/science.aat8235.
  24. Correa-Baena, J. P., Saliba, M., Buonassisi, T., Grätzel, M., Abate, A., Tress, W., Hagfeldt, A. “Promises and challenges of perovskite solar cells,” Science (80-. )., vol. 358, no. 6364, pp. 739–744, 2017, doi: 10.1126/science.aam6323.
  25. Zhou, H., Chen, Q., Li, G., Luo, S., Song, T. B., Duan, H. S., Yang, Y., “Interface engineering of highlyefficient perovskite solar cells accumbens,” Science (80-. )., vol. 345, no. 6196, pp. 535–542, 2014, doi: 10.1126/science.1254050.
  26. Lian, X., Chen, J., Qin, M., Zhang, Y., Tian, S., Lu, X., Chen, H., “The Second Spacer Cation Assisted Growth of a 2D Perovskite Film with Oriented Large Grain for Highly Efficient and Stable Solar Cells,” Angew. Chemie - Int. Ed., vol. 58, no. 28, pp. 9409–9413, 2019, doi: 10.1002/anie.201902959.
  27. N. Li, X. Niu, Q. Chen, and H. Zhou, “Towards commercialization: The operational stability of perovskite solar cells,” Chem. Soc. Rev., vol. 49, no. 22, pp. 8235–8286, 2020, doi: 10.1039/d0cs00573h.
  28. Tao, L., Wang, B., Wang, H., Chen, C., Ding, X., Tian, Y., Cheng, M., “Surface Defect Passivation and Energy Level Alignment Engineering with a Fluorine-Substituted Hole Transport Material for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, vol. 13, no. 11, pp. 13470–13477, 2021, doi: 10.1021/acsami.0c21975.
  29. Liu, Z., Qiu, L., Ono, L. K., He, S., Hu, Z., Jiang, M., Qi, Y., “A holistic approach to interface stabilization for efficient perovskite solar modules with over 2,000-hour operational stability,” Nat. Energy, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 596–604, 2020, doi: 10.1038/s41560-020-0653-2.
  30. Berhe, T. A., Su, W. N., Chen, C. H., Pan, C. J., Cheng, J. H., Chen, H. M., Hwang, B. J., “Organometal halide perovskite solar cells: Degradation and stability,” Energy Environ. Sci., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 323–356, 2016, doi: 10.1039/c5ee02733k.
  31. Aristidou, N., Sanchez‐Molina, I., Chotchuangchutchaval, T., Brown, M., Martinez, L., Rath, T., Haque, S. A.,“The Role of Oxygen in the Degradation of Methylammonium Lead Trihalide Perovskite Photoactive Layers,” Angew. Chemie - Int. Ed., vol. 54, no. 28, pp. 8208–8212, 2015, doi: 10.1002/anie.201503153.
  32. D. Bryant et al., “Light and oxygen induced degradation limits the operational stability of methylammonium lead triiodide perovskite solar cells,” Energy Environ. Sci., vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 1655–1660, 2016, doi: 10.1039/c6ee00409a.
  33. W. S. Yang et al., “High-performance photovoltaic perovskite layers fabricated through intramolecular exchange,” Science., vol. 348, no. 6240, pp. 1234–1237, 2015, doi: 10.1126/science.aaa9272.
  34. J. M. Ball, M. M. Lee, A. Hey, and H. J. Snaith, “Low-temperature processed meso-superstructured to thin-film perovskite solar cells,” Energy Environ. Sci., vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 1739–1743, 2013, doi: 10.1039/c3ee40810h.
  35. P. W. Liang et al., “Additive enhanced crystallization of solution-processed perovskite for highly efficient planar-heterojunction solar cells,” Adv. Mater., vol. 26, no. 22, pp. 3748–3754, 2014, doi: 10.1002/adma.201400231.
  36. Z. Y. Zhang et al., “Elucidating the band structure and free charge carrier dynamics of pure and impurities doped CH3NH3PbI3-xClx perovskite thin films,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., vol. 17, no. 44, pp. 30084–30089, 2015, doi: 10.1039/c5cp04333f.
  37. R. Zheng et al., “Defect passivation grain boundaries using 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane for highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells,” Sol. Energy, vol. 224, no. December 2020, pp. 472–479, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2021.06.001.
  38. Burschka, J., Pellet, N., Moon, S. J., Humphry-Baker, R., Gao, P., Nazeeruddin, M. K., Grätzel, M. “Sequential deposition as a route to high-performance perovskite-sensitized solar cells,” Nature, vol. 499, no. 7458, pp. 316–319, Jul. 2013, doi: 10.1038/nature12340.
  39. M. Liu, M. B. Johnston, and H. J. Snaith, “Efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by vapour deposition,” Nature, vol. 501, no. 7467, pp. 395–398, 2013, doi: 10.1038/nature12509.
  40. Y. Li et al., “Fabrication of planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by controlled low-pressure vapor annealing,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 493–499, 2015, doi: 10.1021/jz502720a.
  41. Y. Shao, Z. Xiao, C. Bi, Y. Yuan, and J. Huang, “Origin and elimination of photocurrent hysteresis by fullerene passivation in CH3NH3PbI3 planar heterojunction solar cells,” Nat. Commun., vol. 5, no. March 2015, pp. 1–7, 2014, doi: 10.1038/ncomms6784.
  42. A. Ávila-López, J. C. Cruz, J. A. Díaz-Real, K. García-Uitz, D. Cante-Góngora, and G. Rodríguez-May, “A Review of Perovskite-Based Solar Cells over the Last Decade: The Evolution of the Hole Transport Layer and the Use of WO3 as an Electron Transport Layer,” Coatings, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 1–18, 2025, doi: 10.3390/coatings15020132.
  43. M. K. Hossain et al., “An extensive study on multiple ETL and HTL layers to design and simulation of high-performance lead-free CsSnCl3-based perovskite solar cells,” Sci. Rep., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1–24, 2023, doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-28506-2.
  44. Ünal, M., Akın, S., Ebiç, M., Baynal, B. (2024). Perovskit Güneş Hücrelerinde Li-TFSI Katkılı TiO2 Elektron Transfer Tabakasının Optimizasyonu. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 24(4), 921-930. doi:10.35414/akufemubid.1403743.
  45. Ebiç M, Akar Ş, Akman E, Özel F, Akin S. SnO2 Elektron Transfer Tabakasının Slot-Die Tekniği ile Üretimi ve Optimizasyonu. IJIEA. June 2022;6(1):170-182. doi:10.46460/ijiea.1086169
  46. Ebiç, M. (2023). Perovskite Güneş Hücreleri İçin EMIMBF4 İyonik Sıvı Katkılı SnO2 Elektron Transfer Tabakasının Düşük Sıcaklıkta Üretimi ve Optimizasyonu. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 13(3), 2130-2142. doi:10.21597/jist.1273053.
  47. Q. Li, C. Zhang, L. Xue, B. Wang, Y. Lv, and Q. Yan, “Design and construction of electronic transport layer based on organic small molecule for inverted perovskite solar cells,” Mater. Res. Bull., vol. 189, no. April, p. 113471, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2025.113471.
  48. J. W. Jung, C. C. Chueh, and A. K. Y. Jen, “A Low-Temperature, Solution-Processable, Cu-Doped Nickel Oxide Hole-Transporting Layer via the Combustion Method for High-Performance Thin-Film Perovskite Solar Cells,” Adv. Mater., vol. 27, no. 47, pp. 7874–7880, 2015, doi: 10.1002/adma.201503298.
  49. C. H. Chiang and C. G. Wu, “Bulk heterojunction perovskite-PCBM solar cells with high fill factor,” Nat. Photonics, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 196–200, 2016, doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2016.3.
  50. H. Min et al., “Perovskite solar cells with atomically coherent interlayers on SnO2 electrodes,” Nature, vol. 598, no. 7881, pp. 444–450, 2021, doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03964-8.
  51. C. Zhu et al., “Bifunctional bridging capping layer enables 24.5% efficiency of perovskite solar cells with polymer-based hole transport materials,” Sci. China Chem., vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 350–359, 2024, doi: 10.1007/s11426-024-2142-4.
  52. Caputo, M., Cefarin, N., Radivo, A., Demitri, N., Gigli, L., Plaisier, J. R., Goldoni, A., Electronic structure of MAPbI3 and MAPbCl3: importance of band alignment. Scientific reports, 9(1), 15159, 2019, doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50108-0.
  53. Afre, R. A., Pugliese, D., Perovskite Solar Cells: A Review of the Latest Advances in Materials, Fabrication Techniques, and Stability Enhancement Strategies. Micromachines, 15(1), 2024, doi: 10.3390/mi15020192.
  54. Geng, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, Y. N., Lau, W. M., Liu, L. M., First-principles study of lead iodide perovskite tetragonal and orthorhombic phases for photovoltaics. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 118(34), 19565-19571, 2014, doi: 10.1021/jp504951h.
  55. J. Kong et al., “CO2 doping of organic interlayers for perovskite solar cells,” Nature, vol. 594, no. 7861, pp. 51–56, 2021, doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03518-y.
  56. F. M. Rombach, S. A. Haque, and T. J. Macdonald, “Lessons learned from spiro-OMeTAD and PTAA in perovskite solar cells,” Energy Environ. Sci., vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 5161–5190, 2021, doi: 10.1039/d1ee02095a.
  57. T. H. Schloemer, J. A. Christians, J. M. Luther, and A. Sellinger, “Doping strategies for small molecule organic hole-transport materials: impacts on perovskite solar cell performance and stability,” Chem. Sci., vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 1904–1935, 2019, doi: 10.1039/C8SC05284K.
  58. J. Du, J. Yuan, J. Xi, F. Huang, and J. Tian, “Enhanced performance of MAPbI2.85Br0.15 perovskite solar cells via ionic liquid-induced surface passivation of perovskite films,” J. Alloys Compd., vol. 961, p. 171115, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.171115.
  59. X. Ji et al., “A mixed hole transport material employing a highly planar conjugated molecule for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells,” J. Mater. Chem. A, vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 5163–5170, 2020, doi: 10.1039/c9ta13365h.
  60. G. W. Kim, G. Kang, K. Choi, H. Choi, and T. Park, “Solution Processable Inorganic–Organic Double-Layered Hole Transport Layer for Highly Stable Planar Perovskite Solar Cells,” Adv. Energy Mater., vol. 8, no. 26, pp. 1–7, 2018, doi: 10.1002/aenm.201801386.
  61. G. W. Kim, J. Lee, G. Kang, T. Kim, and T. Park, “Donor–Acceptor Type Dopant-Free, Polymeric Hole Transport Material for Planar Perovskite Solar Cells (19.8%),” Adv. Energy Mater., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1–5, 2018, doi: 10.1002/aenm.201701935.
  62. E. H. Jung et al., “Efficient, stable and scalable perovskite solar cells using poly(3-hexylthiophene),” Nature, vol. 567, no. 7749, pp. 511–515, 2019, doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1036-3.
  63. J. Lee, G. W. Kim, M. Kim, S. A. Park, and T. Park, “Nonaromatic Green-Solvent-Processable, Dopant-Free, and Lead-Capturable Hole Transport Polymers in Perovskite Solar Cells with High Efficiency,” Adv. Energy Mater., vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 1–7, 2020, doi: 10.1002/aenm.201902662.
  64. D. Xu et al., “Constructing molecular bridge for high-efficiency and stable perovskite solar cells based on P3HT,” Nat. Commun., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2022, doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-34768-7.
  65. S. Ullah et al., “All-inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite: A promising choice for photovoltaics,” Mater. Adv., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 646–683, 2021, doi: 10.1039/d0ma00866d.
  66. C. M. Pelicano, I. Raifuku, Y. Ishikawa, Y. Uraoka, and H. Yanagi, “Hierarchical core-shell heterostructure of H2O-oxidized ZnO nanorod@Mg-doped ZnO nanoparticle for solar cell applications,” Mater. Adv., vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 1253–1261, 2020, doi: 10.1039/d0ma00313a.
  67. Y. Zhang, M. Elawad, Z. Yu, X. Jiang, J. Lai, and L. Sun, “Enhanced performance of perovskite solar cells with P3HT hole-transporting materials: Via molecular p-type doping,” RSC Adv., vol. 6, no. 110, pp. 108888–108895, 2016, doi: 10.1039/c6ra21775c.
  68. H. Choi et al., “A dual functional molecule for perovskite/P3HT interface to achieve stable perovskite solar cells,” J. Mater. Chem. A, vol. 11, no. 30, pp. 16363–16369, 2023, doi: 10.1039/d3ta01910a.
  69. Z. Wang, H. Gao, D. Wu, J. Meng, J. Deng, and M. Cui, “Defects and Defect Passivation in Perovskite Solar Cells,” Molecules, vol. 29, no. 9, 2024, doi: 10.3390/molecules29092104.
  70. Y. Miao et al., “Construction of efficient perovskite solar cell through small-molecule synergistically assisted surface defect passivation and fluorescence resonance energy transfer,” Chem. Eng. J., vol. 426, no. June, p. 131358, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.131358.
  71. S. Buyukcelebi, M. Kazici, Y. Torlak, M. Kus, and M. Ersoz, “Sumeyra Buyukcelebi, Mehmet Kazici, Yasemin Torlak, Mahmut Kus, * and Mustafa Ersoz,” 2025, doi: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01242.
  72. Z. Wu, M. Jiang, Z. Liu, A. Jamshaid, L. K. Ono, and Y. Qi, “Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by Multiple Ligand Passivation,” Adv. Energy Mater., vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 1–5, 2020, doi: 10.1002/aenm.201903696.
  73. Y. C. Kim et al., “Beneficial Effects of PbI2 Incorporated in Organo-Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells,” Adv. Energy Mater., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 1–8, 2016, doi: 10.1002/aenm.201502104.
  74. M. Kim et al., “Methylammonium Chloride Induces Intermediate Phase Stabilization for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells,” Joule, vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 2179–2192, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2019.06.014.
  75. M. Xu et al., “Surface Passivation of Perovskite Film by Small Molecule Infiltration for Improved Efficiency of Perovskite Solar Cells,” IEEE Photonics J., vol. 8, no. 5, 2016, doi: 10.1109/JPHOT.2016.2608619.
  76. Ç. K. Kurukavak, M. Tok, M. Yurdakul, and M. Ku, “Dual ‑ and triple ‑ hetero ‑ atom ‑ doped carbon dots as novel additives for the engineering of defects passivation to boost performance of perovskite solar cells,” 2025, doi: 10.1007/s10854-025-14547-y.
  77. W. Xiang et al., “Europium-Doped CsPbI2 Br for Stable and Highly Efficient Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells,” Joule, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 205–214, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2018.10.008.
  78. Aristidou, N., Sanchez‐Molina, I., Chotchuangchutchaval, T., Brown, M., Martinez, L., Rath, T., Haque, S. A.,“The Role of Oxygen in the Degradation of Methylammonium Lead Trihalide Perovskite Photoactive Layers,” Angew. Chemie - Int. Ed., vol. 54, no. 28, pp. 8208–8212, 2015, doi: 10.1002/anie.201503153.