Dergiler / Erzincan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 19 Sayı: 2

rGO@ZnO Nanokompoziti Kullanılarak Sudan Fenolik Türevlerin Etkin Bir Şekilde Uzaklaştırılması

Efficient Removal of Phenolic Derivatives from Water Using rGO@ZnO Nanocomposite

Yasemin Torlak(PAMUKKALE UNIVERSITY)0000-0001-5964-2532
Elif Esra Altuner(KOCAELİ SAĞLIK VE TEKNOLOJİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ, AVRUPA MESLEK YÜKSEKOKULU)0000-0001-7663-6888
Sayfa
409–428
Yayın Tarihi
2026-08-31
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Sonuçlar, rGO@ZnO'nun incelenen koşullar altında sulu ortamdan etkili fenol uzaklaştırma sergilediğini göstermektedir.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:Çevre kirliliği, büyük ölçüde insan faaliyetleri ve çevreye istemeden salınan kimyasal bileşiklerin yaygın kullanımıyla tetiklenen, en acil küresel sorunlardan biridir.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:Bu çalışmada, sudan fenolik bileşiklerin uzaklaştırılması için indirgenmiş grafen oksit/çinko oksit (rGO@ZnO) nanokompoziti kullanılmış ve fenol konsantrasyonunun uzaklaştırma verimliliği üzerindeki etkisi sistematik olarak araştırılmıştır.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:Sonuçlar, rGO@ZnO'nun incelenen koşullar altında sulu ortamdan etkili fenol uzaklaştırma sergilediğini göstermektedir.
🔬Tür:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Kapsam:Genişletilmiş Akademik Örneklem
⚙️Değişkenler:: rGO@ZnO · fenol · su arıtma

Özet

Çevre kirliliği, büyük ölçüde insan faaliyetleri ve çevreye istemeden salınan kimyasal bileşiklerin yaygın kullanımıyla tetiklenen, en acil küresel sorunlardan biridir. Bu kirleticiler arasında, triklosan türevleri de dahil olmak üzere fenolik bileşikler, su sistemlerinde yaygın olarak tespit edilmekte ve su kalitesi ve insan sağlığı için önemli riskler oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, sudan fenolik bileşiklerin uzaklaştırılması için indirgenmiş grafen oksit/çinko oksit (rGO@ZnO) nanokompoziti kullanılmış ve fenol konsantrasyonunun uzaklaştırma verimliliği üzerindeki etkisi sistematik olarak araştırılmıştır. Arıtma işleminden sonra, rGO@ZnO nanokompozitinin uzaklaştırma performansını değerlendirmek için kalan fenol konsantrasyonları analiz edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, rGO@ZnO'nun incelenen koşullar altında sulu ortamdan etkili fenol uzaklaştırma sergilediğini göstermektedir. Bu bulgular, rGO@ZnO nanokompozitinin, kirlenmiş sudan fenolik kirleticilerin uzaklaştırılması için pratik ve uygun maliyetli bir malzeme olarak potansiyel taşıdığını ve çevresel olarak sürdürülebilir su iyileştirme stratejilerine katkıda bulunduğunu göstermektedir.

Abstract

Environmental pollution is one of the most pressing global challenges, largely driven by human activities and the widespread use of chemical compounds that are unintentionally released into the environment. Among these pollutants, phenolic compounds, including triclosan derivatives, are commonly detected in aquatic systems and pose significant risks to water quality and human health. In this study, a reduced graphene oxide/zinc oxide (rGO@ZnO) nanocomposite was applied for the removal of phenolic compounds from water, and the effect of phenol concentration on removal efficiency was systematically investigated. After the treatment process, residual phenol concentrations were analyzed to evaluate the removal performance of the rGO@ZnO nanocomposite. The results demonstrate that rGO@ZnO exhibits effective phenol removal from aqueous media under the investigated conditions. These findings suggest that rGO@ZnO nanocomposite has potential as a practical and cost-effective material for phenolic pollutant removal from contaminated water, contributing to environmentally sustainable water remediation strategies.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Torlak, Y., Altuner, E. E. (2026). rGO@ZnO Nanokompoziti Kullanılarak Sudan Fenolik Türevlerin Etkin Bir Şekilde Uzaklaştırılması. Erzincan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 2, 409–428. https://doi.org/10.18185/erzifbed.1878449

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (62)

  1. I. Hassan, M. A. Mustafa, and B. Elhassan, “Use of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle for the Removal of Phenol Contaminated Water,” no. November, 2017, doi: 10.14445/23948884/IJMSE-V3I5P101.
  2. R. Istratie, M. Stoia, C. Păcurariu, and C. Locovei, “Single and simultaneous adsorption of methyl orange and phenol onto magnetic iron oxide/carbon nanocomposites,” Arab. J. Chem., vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 3704–3722, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.12.012.
  3. P. Kowalczyk et al., “Super-sieving effect in phenol adsorption from aqueous solutions on nanoporous carbon beads,” Carbon N. Y., vol. 135, pp. 12–20, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2018.03.063.
  4. C. C. Fu, R. S. Juang, M. M. Huq, and C. Te Hsieh, “Enhanced adsorption and photodegradation of phenol in aqueous suspensions of titania/graphene oxide composite catalysts,” J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng., vol. 67, pp. 338–345, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.07.043.
  5. R. Alam and M. D. Hossain, “Effect of Packing Materials and Other Parameters on the Air Stripping Process for the Removal of Ammonia from the Wastewater of Natural Gas Fertilizer Factory,” J. Water Resour. Prot., vol. 01, no. 03, pp. 210–215, 2009, doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2009.13026.
  6. J. Michałowicz and W. Duda, “Phenols - Sources and toxicity,” Polish J. Environ. Stud., vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 347–362, 2007.
  7. Kumar, V., Kamboj, N., Payum, T., “Advances in Environmental Pollution Management,” Wastewater Impacts Treat. Technol., vol. 1, pp. 111–229, 2020.
  8. H. Cui and X. Huang, “Application progress of enhanced coagulation in water treatment,” RSC Adv., pp. 20231–20244, 2020, doi: 10.1039/d0ra02979c.
  9. S. Rodrı, A. Gime, and J. Ochando, “Flocculation – Sedimentation Combined with Chemical Oxidation Process,” CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water, vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 949–955, 2011, doi: 10.1002/clen.201000594.
  10. S. Hube et al., “Science of the Total Environment Direct membrane fi ltration for wastewater treatment and resource recovery: A review,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 710, p. 136375, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136375.
  11. V. K. Gupta, I. Ali, T. A. Saleh, and S. Agarwal, “Chemical treatment technologies for waste-water recycling—an overview,” RSC Adv., vol. 2, pp. 6380–6388, 2012, doi: 10.1039/c2ra20340e.
  12. L. Malaeb and G. M. Ayoub, “Reverse osmosis technology for water treatment: State of the art review,” DES, vol. 267, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2010.09.001.
  13. S. Akter, S. Islam, H. Kabir, A. Ali, and A. Gafur, “UV/TiO2 photodegradation of metronidazole, ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole in aqueous solution: An optimization and kinetic study,” Arab. J. Chem., vol. 15, p. 103900, 2022.
  14. S. Kader, R. Al-mamun, and B. Kabir, “Environmental Technology & Innovation Enhanced photodegradation of methyl orange dye under UV irradiation using MoO 3 and Ag doped TiO 2 photocatalysts,” Environ. Technol. Innov., vol. 27, p. 102476, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.eti.2022.102476.
  15. S. Raghu and C. A. Basha, “Chemical or electrochemical techniques, followed by ion exchange, for recycle of textile dye wastewater,” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 149, pp. 324–330, 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.03.087.
  16. D. Bhatia, N. R. Sharma, J. Singh, and R. S. Kanwar, “Biological methods for textile dye removal from wastewater: A Review,” Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 3389, no. October, 2017, doi: 10.1080/10643389.2017.1393263.
  17. K. V. Anand et al., “A Review on the Removal of Dye, Pesticide and Pathogens from Waste Water Using Quantum Dots,” Eur. J. ofAdvanced Chem. Res., vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 1–6, 2020.
  18. R. Gusain, K. Gupta, P. Joshi, and O. P. Khatri, “Adsorptive removal and photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants using metal oxides and their composites: A comprehensive review,” Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., vol. 272, p. 102009, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.102009.
  19. O. Hamdaoui, “Batch study of liquid-phase adsorption of methylene blue using cedar sawdust and crushed brick,” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 135, pp. 264–273, 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.11.062.
  20. B. H. Hameed and A. A. Ahmad, “Batch adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution by garlic peel, an agricultural waste biomass,” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 164, pp. 870–875, 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.08.084.
  21. S. Hong, C. Wen, J. He, F. Gan, and Y. Ho, “Adsorption thermodynamics of Methylene Blue onto bentonite,” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 167, pp. 630–633, 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.01.014.
  22. B. H. Hameed, A. T. M. Din, and A. L. Ahmad, “Adsorption of methylene blue onto bamboo-based activated carbon: Kinetics and equilibrium studies,” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 141, pp. 819–825, 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.07.049.
  23. S. Wang, L. Li, H. Wu, and Z. H. Zhu, “Unburned carbon as a low-cost adsorbent for treatment of methylene blue-containing wastewater,” J. Colloid Interface Sci., vol. 292, pp. 336–343, 2005, doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2005.06.014.
  24. Y. Yao, F. Xu, M. Chen, Z. Xu, and Z. Zhu, “Bioresource Technology Adsorption behavior of methylene blue on carbon nanotubes,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 101, no. 9, pp. 3040–3046, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.042.
  25. S. Bai, X. Shen, G. Zhu, A. Yuan, and J. Zhang, “The influence of wrinkling in reduced graphene oxide on their adsorption and catalytic properties,” Carbon N. Y., vol. 60, pp. 157–168, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2013.04.009.
  26. K. Thakur and B. Kandasubramanian, “Graphene and Graphene Oxide-Based Composites for Removal of Organic Pollutants: A Review,” J. Chem. Eng. Data, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 833–867, 2019, doi: 10.1021/acs.jced.8b01057.
  27. S. Elhenawy, M. Khraisheh, F. Almomani, M. K. Hassan, M. A. Al-Ghouti, and R. Selvaraj, “Recent developments and advancements in graphene-based technologies for oil spill cleanup and oil–water separation processes,” Nanomaterials, vol. 12, no. 1, 2022, doi: 10.3390/nano12010087.
  28. M. A. Al-Ghouti et al., “Effective removal of phenol from wastewater using a hybrid process of graphene oxide adsorption and UV-irradiation,” Environ. Technol. Innov., vol. 27, p. 102525, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.eti.2022.102525.
  29. D. Wei et al., “Sorption mechanism and dynamic behavior of graphene oxide as an effective adsorbent for the removal of chlorophenol based environmental-hormones: A DFT and MD simulation study,” Chem. Eng. J., vol. 375, no. June, p. 121964, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2019.121964.
  30. H. Wang, B. Hu, Z. Gao, F. Zhang, and J. Wang, “Emerging role of graphene oxide as sorbent for pesticides adsorption: Experimental observations analyzed by molecular modeling,” J. Mater. Sci. Technol., vol. 63, pp. 192–202, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jmst.2020.02.033.
  31. Z. Liao et al., “Recent Advances in the Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Carbon Nanomaterials for the Removal of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: A Review,” Int. J. Mol. Sci., vol. 23, no. 21, 2022, doi: 10.3390/ijms232113148.
  32. K. O. Sodeinde, S. O. Olusanya, O. S. Lawal, M. Sriariyanun, and A. A. Adediran, “Enhanced adsorptional-photocatalytic degradation of chloramphenicol by reduced graphene oxide-zinc oxide nanocomposite,” Sci. Rep., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1–13, 2022, doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-21266-5.
  33. S. Zhu et al., “Adsorption of emerging contaminant metformin using graphene oxide,” Chemosphere, vol. 179, pp. 20–28, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.071.
  34. T. K. Dey, M. Jamal, and M. E. Uddin, “Fabrication and performance analysis of graphene oxide-based composite membrane to separate microplastics from synthetic wastewater,” J. Water Process Eng., vol. 52, no. February, p. 103554, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.103554.
  35. I. Ali et al., “Graphene based adsorbents for remediation of noxious pollutants from wastewater,” Environ. Int., vol. 127, no. March, pp. 160–180, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.029.
  36. X. Wang, S. Huang, L. Zhu, X. Tian, S. Li, and H. Tang, “Correlation between the adsorption ability and reduction degree of graphene oxide and tuning of adsorption of phenolic compounds,” Carbon N. Y., vol. 69, pp. 101–112, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2013.11.070.
  37. C. R. Minitha, M. Lalitha, Y. L. Jeyachandran, L. Senthilkumar, and R. T. Rajendra Kumar, “Adsorption behaviour of reduced graphene oxide towards cationic and anionic dyes: Co-action of electrostatic and π – π interactions,” Mater. Chem. Phys., vol. 194, pp. 243–252, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2017.03.048.
  38. P. Vassileva, V. Tumbalev, D. Kichukova, D. Voykova, D. Kovacheva, and I. Spassova, “Study on the Dye Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Graphene-Based Adsorbents,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 16, no. 17, 2023, doi: 10.3390/ma16175754.
  39. A. Singh, A. Ahmed, A. Sharma, and S. Arya, “Graphene and Its Derivatives: Synthesis and Application in the Electrochemical Detection of Analytes in Sweat,” Biosensors, vol. 12, no. 10, 2022, doi: 10.3390/bios12100910.
  40. A. Azarang, Ajid Shuhaimi and M., Ramin Yousefi, A. Moradi Golsheikh Sookhakian, “Synthesis and characterization of ZnO NPs/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite prepared in gelatin medium as highly efficient photo-degradation of MB,” Ceram. Int., vol. 40, pp. 10217–10221, 2014.
  41. P. Manivel, M. Dhakshnamoorthy, A. Balamurugan, N. Ponpandian, D. Mangalaraj, and C. Viswanathan, “Conducting polyaniline-graphene oxide fibrous nanocomposites: preparation, characterization and simultaneous electrochemical detection of ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid,” RSC Adv., vol. 3, pp. 14428–14437, 2013, doi: 10.1039/c3ra42322k.
  42. K. S. Ranjith, R. Pandian, E. Mcglynn, R. Thangavelu, and R. Kumar, “Alignment, Morphology and Defect Control of Vertically Aligned ZnO Nanorod Array: Competition between ‘ Surfactant ’ and ‘ Stabilizer ’ Roles of the Amine Species and Its Photocatalytic Properties,” Cryst. Growth Des., vol. 14, p. 2873−2879, 2014.
  43. P. Cheng, X. Zhao, H. El-ramady, and T. Elsakhawy, “Chemosphere Formation of environmentally persistent free radicals from photodegradation of triclosan by metal oxides / silica suspensions and particles,” Chemosphere, vol. 290, no. September 2021, p. 133322, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133322.
  44. M. Ram, J. Cox, and B. Thomas, “Nanomaterials for Removal of Phenolic Derivatives from Water Systems: Progress and Future Outlooks,” Molecules, vol. 28, no. 1, p. 6568, 2023.
  45. Y. Lin, R. Hong, H. Chen, D. Zhang, and J. Xu, “Green Synthesis of ZnO-GO Composites for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue,” J. Nanomater., vol. 1, no. 4147357, p. 11, 2020.
  46. T. Lu et al., “Microwave-assisted synthesis of graphene – ZnO nanocomposite for electrochemical supercapacitors,” J. Alloys Compd., vol. 509, no. 18, pp. 5488–5492, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.02.136.
  47. N. R. Jeon, H. S. Song, M. G. Park, S. J. Kwon, H. J. Ryu, and K. B. Yi, “Effect of Reduced Graphite Oxide as Substrate for Zinc Oxide to Hydrogen Sulfide Adsorption,” Clean Technol., vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 300–305, 2013, doi: 10.7464/ksct.2013.19.3.300.
  48. X. Zhang, J. Dong, X. Qian, and C. Zhao, “Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical One-pot synthesis of an RGO / ZnO nanocomposite on zinc foil and its excellent performance for the nonenzymatic sensing of xanthine,” Sensors Actuators B. Chem., vol. 221, pp. 528–536, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2015.06.039.
  49. N. A. Ahmed et al., “Applied Surface Science Structural and morphological study of ZnO thin films electrodeposited on n-type silicon,” Appl. Surf. Sci., vol. 256, no. 24, pp. 7442–7445, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.05.087.
  50. Y. Zhang, G. Liu, and F. Yu, “Electrochemical Behavior of Graphene / ZnO Nanofllowers Synthesized by an Efficient and Facile Two -Step Technique,” Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 6874–6883, 2019, doi: 10.20964/2019.07.78.
  51. S. Hube et al., “Science of the Total Environment Direct membrane fi ltration for wastewater treatment and resource recovery: A review,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 710, p. 136375, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136375.
  52. L. Malaeb and G. M. Ayoub, “Reverse osmosis technology for water treatment: State of the art review,” DES, vol. 267, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2010.09.001.
  53. S. Akter, S. Islam, H. Kabir, A. Ali, and A. Gafur, “UV/TiO2 photodegradation of metronidazole, ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole in aqueous solution: An optimization and kinetic study,” Arab. J. Chem., vol. 15, p. 103900, 2022.
  54. S. Raghu and C. A. Basha, “Chemical or electrochemical techniques, followed by ion exchange, for recycle of textile dye wastewater,” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 149, pp. 324–330, 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.03.087.
  55. D. Bhatia, N. R. Sharma, J. Singh, and R. S. Kanwar, “Biological methods for textile dye removal from wastewater: A Review,” Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 3389, no. October, 2017, doi: 10.1080/10643389.2017.1393263.
  56. K. V. Anand et al., “A Review on the Removal of Dye, Pesticide and Pathogens from Waste Water Using Quantum Dots,” Eur. J. ofAdvanced Chem. Res., vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 1–6, 2020.
  57. R. Gusain, K. Gupta, P. Joshi, and O. P. Khatri, “Adsorptive removal and photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants using metal oxides and their composites: A comprehensive review,” Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., vol. 272, p. 102009, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.102009.
  58. B. H. Hameed and A. A. Ahmad, “Batch adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution by garlic peel, an agricultural waste biomass,” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 164, pp. 870–875, 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.08.084.
  59. B. H. Hameed, A. T. M. Din, and A. L. Ahmad, “Adsorption of methylene blue onto bamboo-based activated carbon: Kinetics and equilibrium studies,” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 141, pp. 819–825, 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.07.049.
  60. A. Azarang, Ajid Shuhaimi and M., Ramin Yousefi, A. Moradi Golsheikh Sookhakian, “Synthesis and characterization of ZnO NPs/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite prepared in gelatin medium as highly efficient photo-degradation of MB,” Ceram. Int., vol. 40, pp. 10217–10221, 2014.
  61. M. Ram, J. Cox, and B. Thomas, “Nanomaterials for Removal of Phenolic Derivatives from Water Systems: Progress and Future Outlooks,” Molecules, vol. 28, no. 1, p. 6568, 2023.
  62. X. Zhang, J. Dong, X. Qian, and C. Zhao, “Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical One-pot synthesis of an RGO / ZnO nanocomposite on zinc foil and its excellent performance for the nonenzymatic sensing of xanthine,” Sensors Actuators B. Chem., vol. 221, pp. 528–536, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2015.06.039.