Journals / Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi / 2023 / Cilt: 37 Sayı: 1

Alternaria Mycotoxins and Their Importance

Alternaria Mikotoksinleri ve Önemi

Pages
195–219
Publication Date
2023-06-01
DOI
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

It is specifically aimed to highlighting the importance and providing a general knowledge of producing mycotoxins that Alternaria spp.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:Alternaria, which are an important genus of fungi that are ubiquitous in the environment, belongs to the Ascomycota division, Dothideomycetes class, Pleosporales order, and Pleosporaceae family.
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Key Findings & Data:The Alternaria genus includes saprophytic, endophytic, and pathogenic species, whereas the pathogenic species include plant, post-harvest, and human pathogens.
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Conclusion & Impact:It is specifically aimed to highlighting the importance and providing a general knowledge of producing mycotoxins that Alternaria spp.
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Alternaria türleri · mikotoksin · insan sağlığı

Abstract

Alternaria, which are an important genus of fungi that are ubiquitous in the environment, belongs to the Ascomycota division, Dothideomycetes class, Pleosporales order, and Pleosporaceae family. The Alternaria genus includes saprophytic, endophytic, and pathogenic species, whereas the pathogenic species include plant, post-harvest, and human pathogens. Alternaria spp. produce some important mycotoxins such as alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tenuazonic acid (TEA), altenuene (ALT) ve altertoxin (AT). These mycotoxins can gain access to the human food chain and exist in many different food products and forage. When ingested orally by humans, mammalians, or other animals, these mycotoxins may cause mycotoxicosis, which is a toxic reaction. Many of these mycotoxins are known to be carcinogenic, while some others are shown to disrupt liver and kidney functions as well as have neurotoxicological effects ranging from skin hypersensitivity reactions to immunologic deficiency syndromes. Alternaria spp. can get affected by abiotic factors such as water activity (aw), temperature, and pH. In literature, many crops including sorghum, cotton, tomato, and soya beans, have been related the conditions that result in fungi to reproducing and producing toxins. The most effective methods established for analyzing the Alternaria toxins are ELISA, liquid chromatography, and PCR-based methods. This review includes the importance of Alternaria spp., their ecologies, mycotoxin production and their effect on the homeotherms, and the methods for analyzing mycotoxins. It is specifically aimed to highlighting the importance and providing a general knowledge of producing mycotoxins that Alternaria spp.

Özet

Alternaria, dünyada yaygın olarak görülen önemli bir fungus cinsi olup Ascomycota bölümü, Dothideomycetes sınıfı, Pleosporales takımı ve Pleosporaceae familyasında yer almaktadır. Alternaria cinsi içerisinde, saprofitik, endofitik ve patojenik türler yer almaktadır. Patojen türler arasında ise bitki patojenleri, hasat sonrası patojenler veya insan patojenleri de bulunmaktadır. Alternaria spp. alternariol (AOH), alternariol monometil eter (AME), tenuazonik asit (TEA), altenuen (ALT) ve altertoksin (AT) gibi önemli bazı mikotoksinleri üretmektedir. Mikotoksinler, insan besin zincirine çeşitli şekillerde girebilmekte, birçok farklı gıda ve hayvan yemi ürününde bulunabilmektedir. Bu mikotoksinler, insanlar, memeliler ve diğer hayvanlar tarafından ağız yoluyla alınırsa, mikotoksikoz adı verilen toksik bir tepkiye neden olabilmektedir. Birçoğunun kanserojen olduğu bilinmektedir. Diğerlerinin de cilt hassasiyetinden immün yetmezliğe kadar değişen nörotoksikolojik etkilerle birlikte karaciğer veya böbrek fonksiyonunun bozulması gibi insanlarda çeşitli farklı tepkiler ortaya çıkardığı gösterilmiştir. Alternaria spp., özellikle su aktivitesi (aw), sıcaklık ve pH gibi abiyotik faktörlerden etkilenmektedir. Literatürdeki çalışmalara göre bazı tahıl taneleri dahil sorgum, pamuk tohumu, domates ve soya fasulyesi gibi farklı substratlar fungusun çoğalması ve toksin üretimi ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Alternaria toksinlerinin incelenmesinde ELISA, sıvı kromatografi ve PCR temelli analizler en kullanışlı yöntemler olarak görülmektedir. Bu derleme, Alternaria türlerinin önemini, ekolojilerini, mikotoksin üretimi ve sıcakkanlılardaki etkileri ile mikotoksin analiz metotlarını içermektedir. Derleme özellikle, Alternaria türlerinin oluşturdukları mikotoksinler hakkında genel bir bilgi sunmak ve önemine dikkat çekmek amacıyla hazırlanmıştır.

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Cite This Article

TUNALI, B., KÜÇÜKTOPCU, Y., TUNALI, N., MERAL, S. E., EKER, S., KANSU, B. (2023). Alternaria Mycotoxins and Their Importance. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 1, 195–219. https://ajindex.com/articles/937210

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