We concluded by giving examples of experimental observations in accord with theoretical calculations
📌 3 Key Takeaways
🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:I n polycrystalline materials wherever a grain boundary intersects a free surface and whenever the topographic variation associated with the atomic motion is favored by total free energy dissipation, the material surface grooves.
📊
Key Findings & Data:In this review, we focused on the grain boundary grooving by surface diffusion which is an active mechanism at moderate temperatures and for grooves small in size.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:We concluded by giving examples of experimental observations in accord with theoretical calculations
I n polycrystalline materials wherever a grain boundary intersects a free surface and whenever the topographic variation associated with the atomic motion is favored by total free energy dissipation, the material surface grooves. In this review, we focused on the grain boundary grooving by surface diffusion which is an active mechanism at moderate temperatures and for grooves small in size. Starting with a description of the classical thermo-kinetics treatment of the process, we briefly reviewed Mullins’ very first modeling effort with a small slope assumption at the groove root and further considerations regarding finite slopes, different grain geometries, and anisotropic surface free energies. We concluded by giving examples of experimental observations in accord with theoretical calculations
AKYİLDİZ, O., OGURTANİ, T. O. (2022). Thermal Grooving by Surface Diffusion: a Review of Classical Thermo-Kinetics Approach. Hittite Journal of Science and Engineering, Cilt: 4 - Sayı: 1, 7–16. https://ajindex.com/articles/538069
Mullins WW, Shewmon PG. The kinetics of grain boundary grooving in copper. Acta Metallurgica, 7, 3 (1959) 163-170. doi: 10.1016/0001-6160(59)90069-0
Balluffi RW, Allen SM, Carter WC. Kinetics of Materials. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2005. doi: 10.1002/0471749311
Mullins WW. Theory of thermal grooving. Journal of Applied Physics, 28, 3 (1957) 333. doi: 10.1063/1.1722742
Sun B, Suo Z, Yang W. A finite element method for simulating interface motion—I. Migration of phase and grain boundaries. Acta Materialia, 45, 5 (1997) 1907-1915. doi: 10.1016/ S1359-6454(96)00323-0
Suo Z. Motions of microscopic surfaces in materials. Advances in Applied Mechanics, 33 (1997) 193-294. doi: 10.1016/ S0065-2156(08)70387-9
Herring C. The physics of powder metallurgy. (Kinston WE) (p. 143). McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, 1951
Gibbs W. The Collected Works of J. Willard Gibbs, Vol. I Thermodynamics. Yale University Press, New Haven, USA, 1948
Defay R, Prigogine I. Surface tension and adsorption. (A. Bellemans). John Wiley & Sons., New York, USA, 1966
Mullins WW. Solid surface morphologies governed by capillarity. In Metal Surfaces: Structure, Energetics and Kinetics (p. 17), ASM, Cleveland, OH, USA, 1963
Robertson WM. Grain-boundary grooving by surface diffusion for finite surface slopes. Journal of Applied Physics, 42, 1 (1971) 463. doi: 10.1063/1.1659625
Khenner M, Averbuch A, Israeli M, Nathan M, Glickman EE. Level set modeling of transient electromigration grooving. Computational Materials Science, 20,2 (2001) 235-250. doi: 10.1016/S0927-0256(00)00179-8
Hackney SA, Ojard G. Grain boundary grooving at finite grain size. Scripta Metallurgica, 22,11 (1988) 1731-1735. doi: 10.1016/S0036-9748(88)80274-6
Khenner M. Numerical simulation of grainboundary grooving by level set method. Journal of Computational Physics, 170, 2 (2001) 764-784. doi: 10.1006/jcph.2001.6760
Srolovitz DJ, Safran SA. Capillary instabilities in thin films. I. Energetics. Journal of Applied Physics, 60, 1 (1986) 247. doi: 10.1063/1.337689
Huang P, Li Z, Sun J. Finite element analysis for surface diffusion-controlled shape instabilities of plate-like grains. Computational Materials Science, 20,1 (2001) 66-76. doi: 10.1016/S0927-0256(00)00126-9