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Journals / Verimlilik Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 60 Sayı: 4

A Comparison of Agricultural Productivity Across Countries Using Input‑Oriented Slack‑Adjusted Data Envelopment Analysis

Girdi Yönelimli Atık Düzeltmeli Veri Zarflama Analizi ile Ülkelerin Tarımsal Verimlilik Karşılaştırması

Selma Karabaş(ÇANKIRI KARATEKİN ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-4878-4735
Orhan Balcı(ÇANKIRI KARATEKİN ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-8098-653X
Ali Özarslan(HACETTEPE ÜNİVERSİTESİ, REKTÖRLÜK)0000-0002-9407-1787
Pages
1319–1340
Publication Date
2026-10-21
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Originality: This study provides a comprehensive cross‑country ranking using SA‑DEA with Cook’s modification and intertemporal indexes, offering a nuanced decomposition of productivity dynamics across 154 countries over three decades.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:Purpose: This study aims to comprehensively evaluate agricultural productivity across 154 countries for the period 1994–2023, employing advanced slack-adjusted DEA methodology to rank countries and decompose productivity changes into technical efficiency, scale efficiency, and shifts in the technological frontier.
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Key Findings & Data:The intertemporal indexes (IEI and IESI) are calculated in relation to the year 1994.
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Conclusion & Impact:Originality: This study provides a comprehensive cross‑country ranking using SA‑DEA with Cook’s modification and intertemporal indexes, offering a nuanced decomposition of productivity dynamics across 154 countries over three decades.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:2023 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Tarımsal Verimlilik · Toplam Faktör Verimliliği · Aylak Düzeltmeli VZA

Abstract

Purpose: This study aims to comprehensively evaluate agricultural productivity across 154 countries for the period 1994–2023, employing advanced slack-adjusted DEA methodology to rank countries and decompose productivity changes into technical efficiency, scale efficiency, and shifts in the technological frontier. Methodology: The paper uses an input-oriented SA-DEA model with modification by Cook for the infeasible super-efficiency cases. All variables are normalized by labor. Hence, there are five inputs (feed, fertilizer, irrigation, land, capital) and three outputs (aquaculture, animal, crop). The intertemporal indexes (IEI and IESI) are calculated in relation to the year 1994. Data are from the USDA-ERS International Agricultural Productivity database. Findings: Oceania exhibits the highest level of technical efficiency and North America has the lowest level of scale efficiency. Both regions are functioning well above their optimal scale. Asia and LAC show the highest technological progress while Europe shows high static efficiency but weaker scale-inclusive progress. Sub-Saharan Africa and CWANA lag. Technological catch-up is quickest in lower middle-income countries. More than 99% of countries exhibit decreasing returns to scale in most years, and global productivity growth declined after 2010. Originality: This study provides a comprehensive cross‑country ranking using SA‑DEA with Cook’s modification and intertemporal indexes, offering a nuanced decomposition of productivity dynamics across 154 countries over three decades.

Özet

Amaç: Bu çalışma, 1994–2023 döneminde 154 ülkede tarımsal verimliliği kapsamlı bir şekilde değerlendirmeyi, aylak düzeltmeli VZA yöntemleriyle ülkeleri sıralamayı ve verimlilik değişimini teknik etkinlik, ölçek etkinliği ve teknolojik sınır kayması olarak ayrıştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Yöntem: Çalışmada girdi yönelimli aylak düzeltmeli VZA modeli, çözümsüz süper-etkinlik durumları için Cook düzeltmesi ile kullanılmıştır. Tüm değişkenler işgücüne göre normalize edilmiş; işgücü normalizasyon böleni olarak alınmış ve modele beş girdi (yem, gübre, sulama, arazi, sermaye) ile üç çıktı (su ürünleri, hayvansal üretim, bitkisel üretim) dahil edilmiştir. Zamanlararası indeksler (IEI ve IESI) 1994 baz yılı alınarak hesaplanmıştır. Veriler USDA-ERS Uluslararası Tarımsal Verimlilik veri tabanından elde edilmiştir. Bulgular: Okyanusya en yüksek teknik etkinliğe sahipken, Kuzey Amerika en düşük ölçek etkinliğine sahiptir; her iki bölge de optimal ölçeğin oldukça ötesinde faaliyet göstermektedir. Asya ve LAC en güçlü teknolojik ilerlemeyi sergilerken, Avrupa yüksek statik etkinlik göstermekte ancak ölçek dahil ilerlemede daha zayıf kalmaktadır. Sahra Altı Afrika ve CWANA geride kalmaktadır. Alt-orta gelirli ülkeler en hızlı teknolojik yakalamayı göstermektedir. Çoğu yılda ülkelerin %99’undan fazlası azalan ölçeğe göre getiri altında faaliyet göstermekte olup küresel verimlilik artışı 2010 sonrasında yavaşlamıştır. Özgünlük: Bu çalışma, Cook düzeltmesi ve zamanlararası indekslerle birlikte aylak düzeltmeli VZA kullanarak 154 ülkeyi kapsayan kapsamlı bir sıralama sunmakta ve üç on yıl boyunca verimlilik dinamiklerini ayrıntılı olarak ayrıştırmaktadır.

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Cite This Article

Karabaş, S., Balcı, O., Özarslan, A. (2026). A Comparison of Agricultural Productivity Across Countries Using Input‑Oriented Slack‑Adjusted Data Envelopment Analysis. Verimlilik Dergisi, Cilt: 60 Sayı: 4, 1319–1340. https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1915930

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