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Journals / The Boğaziçi Law Review / 2026 / Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Attacking Identity: Why Cultural Heritage Trafficking Must Be Recognized as Crime Against Humanity

Kimliğe Saldırı: Kültürel Miras Kaçakçılığının İnsanlığa Karşı Suç Olarak Tanınması Gerekliliği

Anosh Naderi(University of Technology Sydney)
Pages
89–133
Publication Date
2026-06-30
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Ultimately, it argues that classifying peacetime trafficking as a crime against humanity would provide a crucial legal tool for source nations to safeguard humanity’s shared cultural legacy.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:This article argues that the systematic looting and illicit trafficking of cultural heritage are not ancillary harms or opportunistic crimes but deliberate assaults on collective memory, identity, and human dignity – harms that can occur in both war and peace and that routinely produce psychological, social, economic, and political injury far beyond mere pecuniary loss.
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Key Findings & Data:While international law now provides comparatively strong, criminalized protection for cultural heritage during armed conflict, peacetime frameworks (notably the 1970 UNESCO and 1995 UNIDROIT Conventions) remain largely remedial and cooperative, focused on restitution rather than criminal accountability.
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Conclusion & Impact:Ultimately, it argues that classifying peacetime trafficking as a crime against humanity would provide a crucial legal tool for source nations to safeguard humanity’s shared cultural legacy.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:İnsanlık Dışı Fiil · İnsanlığa Karşı Suçlar · Barış zamanında kültür varlığı

Abstract

This article argues that the systematic looting and illicit trafficking of cultural heritage are not ancillary harms or opportunistic crimes but deliberate assaults on collective memory, identity, and human dignity – harms that can occur in both war and peace and that routinely produce psychological, social, economic, and political injury far beyond mere pecuniary loss. While international law now provides comparatively strong, criminalized protection for cultural heritage during armed conflict, peacetime frameworks (notably the 1970 UNESCO and 1995 UNIDROIT Conventions) remain largely remedial and cooperative, focused on restitution rather than criminal accountability. This enforcement gap permits transnational trafficking networks and complicit market actors, including museums, auction houses, and private collectors, to operate with effective impunity. Drawing on recent developments in international criminal jurisprudence and policy, including the ICC Office of the Prosecutor’s Cultural Heritage Policy, the article demonstrates that large-scale, organized trafficking routinely produces the severe, widespread, and long-lasting harms contemplated by Article 7(1)(k) of the Rome Statute. It shows how illicit excavation and market-driven pillage destroy archaeological context, sever communities from intergenerational memory, and inflict serious injury to mental and social health – harms of a character and gravity comparable to other international crimes. The article proposes that recognizing systematic cultural-heritage trafficking as an ‘other inhumane act’ within the crimes against humanity framework would close a critical accountability gap and affirm that the exploitation of shared cultural heritage constitutes conduct of the gravest international concern. Ultimately, it argues that classifying peacetime trafficking as a crime against humanity would provide a crucial legal tool for source nations to safeguard humanity’s shared cultural legacy.

Özet

Bu makale, kültürel mirasın sistematik yağmalanması ve yasa dışı ticaretinin, ikincil zararlar ya da fırsatçı suçlar olmadığını; aksine kolektif hafızaya, kimliğe ve insan onuruna yönelik kasıtlı saldırılar olduğunu ileri sürmektedir. Bu tür zararlar hem savaş hem de barış dönemlerinde meydana gelebilmekte ve çoğu zaman maddi kayıpların ötesine geçerek psikolojik, toplumsal, ekonomik ve siyasi düzeyde geniş kapsamlı tahribatlara yol açmaktadır. Uluslararası hukuk, günümüzde silahlı çatışmalar sırasında kültürel mirasa yönelik görece güçlü ve cezai nitelikte koruma sağlarken, barış zamanına ilişkin hukuki çerçeveler (özellikle 1970 tarihli UNESCO Sözleşmesi ile 1995 tarihli UNIDROIT Sözleşmesi) büyük ölçüde telafi edici ve iş birliğine dayalı bir yapıya sahip olup, cezai sorumluluktan ziyade kültür varlıklarının iadesine odaklanmaktadır. Uygulamadaki bu boşluk müzeler, müzayede evleri ve özel koleksiyoncular da dâhil olmak üzere uluslararası kaçakçılık ağlarının ve bunlarla iş birliği yapan piyasa aktörlerinin fiilen cezasızlık içinde faaliyet göstermesine olanak tanımaktadır. Makale, Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi Savcılık Ofisinin Kültürel Miras Politikası da dâhil olmak üzere uluslararası ceza hukuku içtihadı ve politikasındaki güncel gelişmelerden yola çıkarak, büyük ölçekli ve örgütlü kültür varlığı kaçakçılığının, Roma Statüsü’nün 7(1)(k) maddesinde öngörülen ağır, yaygın ve uzun süreli zararları rutin olarak ortaya çıkardığını savunmaktadır. Ayrıca, yasa dışı kazılar ile piyasa talebinin teşvik ettiği yağmanın arkeolojik bağlama zarar verdiğini, toplumların kuşaklar arası hafızayla olan bağını kopardığını, ruhsal ve toplumsal sağlığa ciddi zararlar verdiğini, bu zararların nitelik ve ağırlık bakımından diğer uluslararası suçlarla karşılaştırılabilir olduğunu göstermektedir. Makale, sistematik kültürel miras kaçakçılığının insanlığa karşı suçlar kapsamında “diğer insanlık dışı fiiller” olarak tanınmasının, hesap verebilirlik alanındaki önemli bir boşluğu dolduracağını ve insanlığın ortak kültürel mirasının sömürülmesinin uluslararası toplum açısından en ağır kaygı uyandıran fiillerden biri olduğunu teyit edeceğini savunmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, barış zamanında gerçekleştirilen kültürel miras kaçakçılığının insanlığa karşı suç olarak nitelendirilmesinin, kaynak ülkelerin insanlığın ortak kültürel mirasını koruyabilmeleri için kritik öneme sahip bir hukuki araç sağlayacağı savunulmaktadır.

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Cite This Article

Naderi, A. (2026). Attacking Identity: Why Cultural Heritage Trafficking Must Be Recognized as Crime Against Humanity. The Boğaziçi Law Review, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 89–133. https://doi.org/10.69800/blr.1781908

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