Journals / The Boğaziçi Law Review / 2026 / Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Artificial Intelligence and the Liability Regime in Austria in the Context of European Union Law

Avrupa Birliği Hukuku Bağlamında Avusturya’da Yapay Zekâ ve Hukuki Sorumluluk Rejimi

Pages
30–57
Publication Date
2026-06-30
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

In particular, effective protection against AI-related risks demands evidentiary facilitation, mandatory insurance solutions, risk-based regulation, and new models of legal attribution tailored to learning and autonomous systems.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study examines the liability regime for artificial intelligence under Austrian law, focusing in particular on fault-based liability, strict liability for dangerous activities, and product liability.
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Key Findings & Data:In this context, the “black box” problem, namely the opacity of decision making processes, emerges as a central legal issue because it makes attribution and proof of causation significantly more difficult.
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Conclusion & Impact:In particular, effective protection against AI-related risks demands evidentiary facilitation, mandatory insurance solutions, risk-based regulation, and new models of legal attribution tailored to learning and autonomous systems.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:2024 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Yapay zekâ · Avusturya hukuku · sorumluluk hukuku

Abstract

This study examines the liability regime for artificial intelligence under Austrian law, focusing in particular on fault-based liability, strict liability for dangerous activities, and product liability. It argues that artificial intelligence is not merely a technological innovation but also a phenomenon that challenges the core legal categories of attribution, causation, and responsibility. The paper first addresses the conceptual and technical foundations of AI and shows how learning systems capable of analysing their environment and making partially autonomous decisions differ from traditional deterministic software. In this context, the “black box” problem, namely the opacity of decision making processes, emerges as a central legal issue because it makes attribution and proof of causation significantly more difficult. The study then analyses the Austrian Civil Code provisions on fault-based liability (§§ 1293 ABGB) and discusses how AI-related harm can be assessed in light of damage, causation, unlawfulness, and fault. The classical liability model, which is built around human conduct, reaches its limits when applied to highly autonomous and self-learning systems. In many cases, it remains unclear whether liability should be attributed to the programmer, the producer, the operator, or the user. This uncertainty becomes particularly acute where AI systems continue to learn after deployment and generate outcomes that were neither fully foreseeable nor directly controllable by any single actor. The paper further demonstrates that Austrian law does not recognise a general rule of strict liability, meaning that no comprehensive no-fault regime automatically applies to AI systems. Instead, strict liability can only arise within specific statutory frameworks. In this regard, the paper discusses operator liability for autonomous vehicles under the EKHG and liability for AI-enabled products under the PHG and the new EU Product Liability Directive (EU) 2024/2853. The study concludes that Austrian liability law is not entirely inadequate for the age of AI, but it requires substantial adaptation. In particular, effective protection against AI-related risks demands evidentiary facilitation, mandatory insurance solutions, risk-based regulation, and new models of legal attribution tailored to learning and autonomous systems.

Özet

Bu çalışma, Avusturya hukukunda yapay zekâ sistemlerinin ortaya çıkardığı sorumluluk rejimini özellikle kusura dayalı sorumluluk, tehlike sorumluluğu ve ürün sorumluluğu ekseninde incelemektedir. Yapay zekânın yalnızca teknik bir yenilik olmadığı, aynı zamanda hukuk düzeninin temel isnat ve sorumluluk kategorilerini zorlayan bir olgu hâline geldiği kabul edilmektedir. Çalışmada ilk olarak yapay zekânın kavramsal ve teknik temelleri ele alınmakta; öğrenebilen, çevresini analiz eden ve belirli ölçüde özerk kararlar verebilen sistemlerin klasik deterministik yazılımlardan hangi yönleriyle ayrıldığı gösterilmektedir. Bu çerçevede özellikle “kara kutu” problemi yani karar süreçlerinin şeffaf olmaması, hukuki isnat ve nedensellik bağının kurulmasını güçleştiren temel mesele olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Devamında, Avusturya Medeni Kanunu’nun (§§ 1293 vd. ABGB) kusura dayalı sorumluluk yapısı incelenmekte ve yapay zekâ kaynaklı zararların zarar, nedensellik, hukuka aykırılık ve kusur şartları bakımından nasıl değerlendirilebileceği tartışılmaktadır. İnsan davranışına dayanan klasik sorumluluk modeli, yüksek derecede özerk ve öğrenen sistemler karşısında sınırlarına ulaşmaktadır. Özellikle programcı, üretici, işleten ve kullanıcı arasındaki sorumluluk dağılımı çoğu durumda açık değildir. Çalışma ayrıca Avusturya hukukunda genel bir tehlike sorumluluğu normunun bulunmadığını, bu nedenle yapay zekâya ilişkin kusurdan bağımsız sorumluluğun ancak özel düzenlemeler çerçevesinde değerlendirilebildiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bağlamda EKHG kapsamında otonom araçlar bakımından işleten sorumluluğu, PHG ve AB’nin 2024/2853 sayılı yeni Ürün Sorumluluğu Direktifi kapsamında ise yapay zekâ içeren ürünlerin sorumluluğu incelenmektedir. Sonuç olarak çalışma, mevcut Avusturya sorumluluk hukukunun yapay zekâ çağında tamamen yetersiz olmadığını, ancak öğrenen ve özerk sistemlerin doğurduğu riskleri etkili biçimde karşılamak için ispat kolaylıkları, zorunlu sigorta, risk temelli düzenleme ve yeni isnat modelleriyle desteklenmesi gerektiğini savunmaktadır.

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Cite This Article

Karabacak, S. (2026). Artificial Intelligence and the Liability Regime in Austria in the Context of European Union Law. The Boğaziçi Law Review, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 30–57. https://doi.org/10.69800/blr.1924713

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