Journals / Telakki Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 5 Sayı: 8

An Analysis of Heterodox Monetary Theory: The Contributions of G. F. Knapp and A. M. Innes

Heterodoks Para Teorisi Üzerine Bir İnceleme: G.F. Knapp ve A.M. Innes’in Katkıları

Yılmaz Aydın(NİŞANTAŞI ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-4297-4228
Pages
73–100
Publication Date
2026-08-26
DOI
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

This study examines the analyses of Knapp and Innes—largely neglected in the Turkish literature—in a comprehensive manner and discusses the conceptual, historical, and methodological foundations of heterodox (endogenous) money theory.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:Neoclassical–orthodox economics, grounded in the methodological individualism of the rational utility maximization model, typically treats money as a ‘neutral’ medium of exchange and considers it unnecessary to explain the historical origins and ontology of money.
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Key Findings & Data:In contrast, heterodox economists, who emphasize that economic processes unfold in historical time rather than in ‘logical time,’ advocate a methodology that incorporates normative dimensions and takes into account evolving social systems, societies, and institutions.
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Conclusion & Impact:This study examines the analyses of Knapp and Innes—largely neglected in the Turkish literature—in a comprehensive manner and discusses the conceptual, historical, and methodological foundations of heterodox (endogenous) money theory.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Para Teorisi · Chartalizm · Paranın Kredi Teorisi

Abstract

Neoclassical–orthodox economics, grounded in the methodological individualism of the rational utility maximization model, typically treats money as a ‘neutral’ medium of exchange and considers it unnecessary to explain the historical origins and ontology of money. Reflecting a characteristic feature of positivist methodology, this approach—when deemed necessary—addresses the emergence and history of money in a superficial manner through a hypothetical, that is, logical (fictional), historical narrative. In contrast, heterodox economists, who emphasize that economic processes unfold in historical time rather than in ‘logical time,’ advocate a methodology that incorporates normative dimensions and takes into account evolving social systems, societies, and institutions. Within this framework, G. F. Knapp’s State Theory of Money (Chartalism) conceptualizes money as a creation of the state defined by legal regulations and relates the ontology of money to the development of historical institutions. Knapp’s conceptualization emphasizes that money is not a medium of exchange but a unit of account defined by the authority of the state. A. M. Innes, in turn, defines money essentially as an ‘IOU.’ According to Innes, money is a record of debt–credit relations and reflects social relationships. Knapp’s legal approach and Innes’s credit theory, by pointing to the historical and social nature of money, provide a framework consistent with heterodox methodology. The heterodox literature re-evaluates the contributions of Knapp and Innes, emphasizing the state’s capacity to create money, the role of taxation in generating demand for money, and the debt/accounting nature of money. This study examines the analyses of Knapp and Innes—largely neglected in the Turkish literature—in a comprehensive manner and discusses the conceptual, historical, and methodological foundations of heterodox (endogenous) money theory.

Özet

Rasyonel fayda maksimizasyon modelinin metodolojik bireyci yaklaşımına dayanan Neoklasik-Ortodoks iktisat, genellikle parayı ‘nötr’ değişim aracı olarak kabul eder ve paranın tarihsel kökenlerini ve ontolojisini açıklamayı gereksiz görür. Pozitivist metodolojinin tipik özelliğini yansıtan bu yaklaşımda, gerekli görüldüğünde, paranın ortaya çıkışı ve tarihi, varsayımsal, yani mantıksal (kurgusal) bir tarih anlatısı üzerinden yüzeysel bir şekilde ele alınır. Buna karşılık, iktisadi süreçlerin, ‘mantıksal zaman’ içinde değil, tarihsel zaman içinde gerçekleştiğini vurgulayan heterodoks iktisatçılar, gelişen ve evrim geçiren sosyal sistemler, toplumlar ve kurumların dikkate alındığı normatif boyutları da içeren metodolojiyi savunurlar. Bu bağlamda G. F. Knapp’ın “Devlet Para Teorisi” (Chartalizm), parayı hukuki düzenlemelerle belirlenen bir devlet yaratısı olarak ele almış ve paranın ontolojisini tarihsel kurumların gelişimiyle ilişkilendirmiştir. Knapp’ın para kavramsallaştırması, paranın değişim aracı değil, devletin otoritesiyle tanımlanan bir hesap birimi olduğunu vurgulamaktadır. A. M. Innes ise parayı özünde bir ‘borç senedi’ olarak tanımlamıştır. Innes’e göre, para borç–alacak ilişkilerinin kaydıdır ve toplumsal ilişkileri yansıtır. Knapp’ın hukuki yaklaşımı ile Innes’in kredi teorisi, paranın tarihsel ve toplumsal doğasına işaret ederek heterodoks metodolojiye uygun bir çerçeve sunar. Heterodoks literatür, Knapp ve Innes’in katkılarını yeniden değerlendirerek devletin para yaratma kapasitesini, verginin para talebi yaratmadaki rolünü ve paranın borç/muhasebe niteliğini vurgulamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Türkçe literatürde büyük ölçüde göz ardı edilen Knapp ve Innes’in analizleri kapsamlı biçimde ele alınmış; heterodoks (içsel) para teorisinin kavramsal, tarihsel ve metodolojik temelleri tartışılmıştır.

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Cite This Article

Aydın, Y. (2026). An Analysis of Heterodox Monetary Theory: The Contributions of G. F. Knapp and A. M. Innes. Telakki Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 8, 73–100. https://ajindex.com/articles/1630483

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