Journals / Karatekin Hukuk Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Security Detention in Non-International Armed Conflicts: The Requirement of Lawfulness for Non-State Armed Groups

ULUSLARARASI OLMAYAN SİLAHLI ÇATIŞMALARDA GÜVENLİK ALIKOYMASI: DEVLET DIŞI SİLAHLI GRUPLAR BAKIMINDAN HUKUKA UYGUNLUK ŞARTI

Meltem Sarıbeyoğlu Skalar(MARMARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, HUKUK FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0002-6534-503X
Oğuz Karadeniz(MARMARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, HUKUK FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0002-7157-6504
Pages
144–174
Publication Date
2026-07-01
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Against this background, the article examines the possible legal bases and practical measures available to non-state armed groups in relation to security detention, with a view to enhancing the protection of individuals, which constitutes a primary objective of both international humanitarian law and international human rights law.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:The vast majority of armed conflicts occurring today are non-international armed conflicts in which non-state armed groups are also parties.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Although certain written sources of international humanitarian law, such as Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions, contain provisions regarding security detention in non-international armed conflicts, it is generally accepted that international humanitarian law, both as written law and customary law, does not authorize either states or non-state armed groups to conduct security detention in non-international armed conflicts.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Against this background, the article examines the possible legal bases and practical measures available to non-state armed groups in relation to security detention, with a view to enhancing the protection of individuals, which constitutes a primary objective of both international humanitarian law and international human rights law.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Güvenlik Tutuklaması · Uluslararası Olmayan Silahlı Çatışma · Devlet Dışı Silahlı Grup (DDSG)

Abstract

The vast majority of armed conflicts occurring today are non-international armed conflicts in which non-state armed groups are also parties. Both states and non-state armed groups resort to the practice of security detention in non-international armed conflicts. Although certain written sources of international humanitarian law, such as Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions, contain provisions regarding security detention in non-international armed conflicts, it is generally accepted that international humanitarian law, both as written law and customary law, does not authorize either states or non-state armed groups to conduct security detention in non-international armed conflicts. In this case, the legality requirement must be satisfied in a manner other than through international humanitarian law. Seeking the authority for security detention in domestic law is considered an alternative and appropriate avenue for satisfying the legality requirement. In this regard, it is assessed that states can readily resolve this issue by enacting domestic legal rules. Against this background, the article examines the possible legal bases and practical measures available to non-state armed groups in relation to security detention, with a view to enhancing the protection of individuals, which constitutes a primary objective of both international humanitarian law and international human rights law.

Özet

Günümüzde meydana gelen silahlı çatışmaların çok büyük bir bölümü devlet dışı silahlı grupların (DDSG) da taraf olduğu uluslararası olmayan silahlı çatışmalardır. Devletler ve DDSG’ler, uluslararası olmayan silahlı çatışmalarda güvenlik tutuklaması uygulamasına başvurmaktadırlar. Uluslararası olmayan silahlı çatışmalarda güvenlik tutuklaması ile ilgili olarak uluslararası insancıl hukukun Cenevre Sözleşmeleri Ortak 3. Maddesi ve Cenevre Sözleşmelerine Ek II No’lu Protokol gibi bazı yazılı kaynaklarda düzenlemeler yapılmış olmakla beraber, uluslararası insancıl hukukun, devletlere veya DDSG’lere uluslararası olmayan silahlı çatışmalarda güvenlik tutuklaması yapmaları için yetki vermediği genel olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu durumda tarafların yasallık şartını uluslararası insancıl hukuk dışında başka bir şekilde karşılaması gerekmektedir. Yasallık şartının sağlanması için güvenlik tutuklaması yetkisinin iç hukukta aranması alternatif uygun bir yol olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu kapsamda devletlerin çıkartacakları iç hukuk kuralları ve duruma göre derogasyon ilanları ile bu sorunu çözebilecekleri değerlendirilmektedir. DDSG’lar açısından ise bu yetkinin varlığı tartışma konusudur. Makalede bu bağlamda uluslararası insancıl hukuk ve uluslararası insan hakları hukukunun en önemli amacı olan insanın korunması fonksiyonunun arttırılabilmesi için DDSG’lerin güvenlik tutuklaması uygulaması üzerine odaklanılmıştır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Skalar, M. S., Karadeniz, O. (2026). Security Detention in Non-International Armed Conflicts: The Requirement of Lawfulness for Non-State Armed Groups. Karatekin Hukuk Dergisi, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 144–174. https://doi.org/10.70011/kahd.1954877

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (69)

  1. 12 Ağustos 1949 tarihli Cenevre Sözleşmeleri ve Ek Protokolleri.
  2. 32nd International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, “Strengthening International Humanitarian Law Protecting Persons Deprived of Their Liberty” Geneva, (8-10 December 2015), https://rcrcconference.org/app/uploads/2015/04/32IC-Concluding-report-on-persons-deprived-of-their-liberty_EN.pdf (accessed 19 May 2026).
  3. Afrika İnsan ve Halkların Hakları Şartı.
  4. Agreement On Human Rights, https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/default/files/document/files/2024/05/sv900726sanjoseagreement.pdf (accessed 29 April 2026).
  5. Akkuş, Berkant, “Uluslararası Nitelikte Olmayan Silahlı Çatışmalarda Devlet Dışı Silahlı Gruplar Tarafından Gözaltı: Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukuk ve Uluslararası İnsan Hakları Hukuku Açısından Doğru Otorite Sorununun Varlığı”, Hukuk ve Adalet Eleştirel Hukuk Dergisi, C. 15, S. 33, 2023, s. 27-78.
  6. Aksar, Yusuf, Uluslararası Ceza Hukuku, Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları, 2022.
  7. Al-Jedda v United Kingdom App no 27021/08 (ECtHR, 07 July 2011), https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-105612%22]} (accessed 25 April 2026).
  8. Amerikan İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi.
  9. AYM, T. 8.06.2016, B. No 2014/8870, Sadullah Remzi Karagöz, https://kararlarbilgibankasi.anayasa.gov.tr/BB/2014/8870 (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Mayıs 2026).
  10. Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi.
  11. Baj Giulia, “International Legal Personality and Accountability of Armed Non-State Actors Through Their Self-Regulation”, Università degli studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022.
  12. Casalin, Deborah, “Taking Prisoners: Reviewing the International Humanitarian Law Grounds for Deprivation of Liberty by Armed Opposition Groups”, International Review of the Red Cross (IRRC), C. 93, S. 883, 2011, s. 743-757.
  13. Chatham House and International Committee of the Red Cross, “Expert Meeting on Procedural Safeguards for Security Detention in Non-International Armed Conflict” IRRC, Volume 91, Number 876, 2009, s. 859-881.
  14. Commentary of 1987, ‘Protocol II’, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/apii-1977/general-introduction/commentary/1987?activeTab= (accessed 16 May 2026).
  15. Darfur Peace Agreement, https://sudantribune.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/05/pdf_Darfur_Peac_Agreement-2.pdf (accessed 28 April 2026).
  16. Dörmann Knut, “Detention in Non-International Armed Conflicts” in Kenneth Watkin and Andrew J. Norris (eds), International Law Studies, 2012, https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1067&context=ils (accessed 27 April 2026), s. 347-366.
  17. Esmer, Murat, “Uluslararası Nitelikte Olmayan Silahlı Çatışmalarda Kişilerin Enterne Edilmeleri: Normatif Çerçeve, Uygulama, Sorunlar ve Çözüm Önerileri”, Legal Hukuk Dergisi, C. 21, S. 244, 2023, s. 1213-1292.
  18. Goodman, Ryan, “The Detention of Civilians in Armed Conflict”, American Journal of International Law, Volume 103, Number 1, 2009, s. 48-74.
  19. Graditzky, Thomas, Individual Criminal Responsibility for Violation of International Humanitarian Law Committed in Non-International Armed Conflicts, International Review of the Red Cross, No: 322, s. 29-56, https://international-review.icrc.org/articles/individual-criminal-responsibility-violations-international-humanitarian-law-committed-non (accessed 22 June 2026).
  20. Heffes, Ezequiel, Detention by Non-State Armed Groups under International Law, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2022.
  21. Heffes, Ezequiel, “Detentions by Armed Opposition Groups in Non-International Armed Conflicts: Towards a New Characterization of International Humanitarian Law”, Journal of Conflict & Security Law, Volume 20, Number 2, 2015, s. 229-250.
  22. Henckaerts Jean-Marie / Doswald-Beck Louise, Customary International Humanitarian Law Volume 1: Rules, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
  23. Henckaerts, Jean-Maire / Doswald-Beck Louise, Customary International Humanitarian Law Volume 2: Practice, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005, s. 2863.
  24. Henckaerts Jean-Marie, “Binding Armed Opposition Groups through Humanitarian Treaty Law and Customary Law” in Marc Vuijlsteke, Christine Reh and Christopher Reynolds (eds), Proceedings of the Bruges Colloquium, Relevance of International Humanitarian Law to Non-State Actors, 25th-26th October 2002, Collegium, (College of Europe), 2003.
  25. Hill-Cawthorne, Lawrence, Detention in Non-International Armed Conflict, New York: Oxford University Press, 2020.
  26. Hill-Cawthorne, Lawrence / Dapo Akande, “Does IHL Provide a Legal Basis for Detention in Non-International Armed Conflicts?”, Ejil: Talk!, 7 May 2014, https://www.ejiltalk.org/does-ihl-provide-a-legal-basis-for-detention-in-non-international-armed-conflicts/ (accessed 3 May 2026).
  27. Human Rights Committee, ‘General Comment No 31’ CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.13, 2004.
  28. Human Rights Committee, ‘General comment No. 35: Article 9 (Liberty and Security of Person)’ CCPR/C/GC/35, 2014.
  29. ICRC, ‘Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea’ (Commentary of 2017), International Humanitarian Law Databases para. 750, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/gcii-1949/article-3/commentary/2017?activeTab= (accessed 24 April 2026).
  30. ICRC, Detention by Non-State Armed Groups: Obligations under International Humanitarian Law and Examples of How to Implement Them, 2023.
  31. ICRC, “Detention by Non-State Armed Groups under International Law”, IRRC, Volume 105, Number 924, 2023, s. 1673–1689.
  32. ICRC, “Detention” (How Does Law Protect in War?), https://casebook.icrc.org/a_to_z/glossary/internment (accessed 7 April 2026).
  33. ICRC, “ECHR, Hassan v. UK” (How Does Law Protect in War?), https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/echr-hassan-v-uk (accessed 25 April 2026).
  34. ICRC, “International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law, Similarities and Differences, Advisory Service On International Humanitarian Law”, 2003, https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/other/ihl_and_ihrl.pdf (accessed 7 April 2026).
  35. ICRC, ‘International Humanitarian Law and The Challenges Of Contemporary Armed Conflicts, Reports And Documents’ IRRC, Volume 106, Number 927, 2024, s. 1357-1450.
  36. ICRC, ‘Internment By Non-State Armed Groups: Legal And Practical Limits’, Humanitarian Law & Policy Blog, 15 October 2024, https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2024/10/15/internment-by-non-state-armed-groups-legal-and-practical-limits/ (accessed 20 April 2026).
  37. ICRC, “Internment in Armed Conflict: Basic Rules and Challenges”, 25 November 2014, https://www.icrc.org/en/document/internment-armed-conflict-basic-rules-and-challenges (accessed 30 April 2026).
  38. ICRC, “Objective of War” (How Does Law Protect in War?), https://casebook.icrc.org/a_to_z/glossary/objective-war (accessed 22 June 2026).
  39. Katılmış, Rezzan, “Günümüz Çatışmalarında Özgürlüğünden Yoksun Bırakılmış Kişilerin Korunması” İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınevi (Public and Private International Law Bulletin 1), C. 40, S. 1, 2020, s. 1-23.
  40. Macak, Kubo, “No Legal Basis under IHL for Detention in Non-International Armed Conflicts? A Comment on Serdar Mohammed v. Ministry of Defence”, Ejil: Talk!, 5 May 2014, https://www.ejiltalk.org/no-legal-basis-under-ihl-for-detention-in-non-international-armed-conflicts-a-comment-on-serdar-mohammed-v-ministry-of-defence/ (accessed 28 April 2026).
  41. Mahpuslara Muameleye Dair Birleşmiş Milletler Asgari Standart Kuralları (Nelson Mandela Kuralları), https://tihv.org.tr/ozel-raporlar-ve-degerlendirmeler/nelson-mandela-kurallari-mahpuslara-muameleye-dair-birlesmis-milletler-asgari-standart-kurallari/ (Erişim Tarihi: 28 Nisan 2026).
  42. Melzer, Nils, International Humanitarian Law A Comprehensive Introduction, Geneva: ICRC, 2022.
  43. Murray, Daragh, “Non-State Armed Groups, Detention Authority in Non-International Armed Conflict and the Coherence of International Law: Searching for a Way Forward”, Leiden Journal of International Law 1, Volume 30, Number 2, 2017, s. 1-39.
  44. Oswald, Bruce Ossie, “Some Controversies of Detention in Multinational Operations and the Contributions of the Copenhagen Principles”, IRRC, C. 95, S. 891/892, 2013, s. 707-726.
  45. Pejic, Jelena, “Procedural Principles and Safeguards for Internment/Administrative Detention in Armed Conflict and other Situations of Violence”, IRRC, C. 87, S. 858, 2005, s. 375-392.
  46. Pictet, Jean S. (eds.), ‘Commentary Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War’, ICRC, 1958.
  47. Prosecutor v Sam Hinga Norman (Special Court for Sierra Leone), 31 May 2004, https://www.refworld.org/jurisprudence/caselaw/scsl/2004/66071 (accessed 30 April 2026).
  48. Prosecutor v Tadic (Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction) IT-94-1-A (ICTY, 2 October 1995), https://www.icty.org/x/cases/tadic/acdec/en/51002.htm (accessed 3 May 2026).
  49. “Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary-General, Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1564 of 18 September 2004”, ICRC, 2005, https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/NR/rdonlyres/F87E244D-B27C-4A0A-BE1B-D27CECB5649E/278008/Report_to_UN_on_Darfur.pdf (accessed 07 April 2026).
  50. Sandesh, Sivakumaran, “Binding Armed Opposition Groups”, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol: 55, 2006, s. 369- 394.
  51. Sarıbeyoğlu Skalar, Meltem, “Uluslararası Kızılhaç Komitesi’nin Uluslararası Nitelikte Olmayan Silahlı Çatışmalarda Faaliyetlerine İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme: Taraflara Hizmetlerini Teklif Etme Hakkı”, Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt 7, Sayı 21, 2021, s. 48-63.
  52. Sarıbeyoğlu Skalar, Meltem, “Silahlı Çatışmalarda Sivillerin Korunması İçin Güvenli Bölgeler”, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 9, Sayı 123-124, 2014, s. 37-64.
  53. Sassoli Marco / Shany Yuval, “Should The Obligations Of States And Armed Groups Under International Humanitarian Law Really Be Equal?”, IRRC, C. 93, S. 882, 2011, s. 425-436.
  54. Sassoli, Marco, “Taking Armed Groups Seriously: Ways to Improve their Compliance with International Humanitarian Law”, Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies, Volume 1, Number 1, 2010, s. 5-51.
  55. Serdar Mohammed v Ministry of Defence [2014] EWHC 1369 (QB), https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/mohammed-v-mod.pdf (accessed 10 May 2026).
  56. Şirin Tolga, Özgürlük ve Güvenlik Hakkı Anayasa Mahkemesine Bireysel Başvuru El Kitapları Serisi-1, Avrupa Konseyi Yayınları, 2018
  57. Taşdemir Fatma / Özdemir Erdinç, “Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukukta İdari Gözaltı ve Devlet Dışı Silahlı Aktörler” Akademik Hassasiyetler, C. 5, S. 9, 2018, s. 53-75.
  58. Teferra, Zelalem Mogessie, “National Security and the Right to Liberty in Armed Conflict”, IRRC, Volume 98, Number 3, 2016, s. 961-993.
  59. The Constitutional Declaration, https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/default/files/document/files/2022/07/lyconstitutionaldeclarationenglish2011.pdf (accessed 29 April 2026).
  60. Tuck David, “Detention By Armed Groups: Overcoming Challenges To Humanitarian Action”, IRRC, Volume 93, Number 883, 2011, s. 759-782.
  61. UNGA RES 52/141 (06 March 1998) “Situation of Human Rights in Iraq” UN Doc A/RES/52/141, https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n98/771/13/pdf/n9877113.pdf (accessed 10 May 2026).
  62. UNGA RES 52/145 (06 March 1998) “Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan” UN Doc A/RES/52/145, https://unama.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/general_assembly_6_march_1998.pdf (accessed 10 May 2026).
  63. UNGA RES/67/262 (4 June 2013) “The situation in the Syrian Arab Republic” UN Doc A/RES/67/262, https://docs.un.org/en/A/RES/67/262 (accessed 10 May 2026).
  64. UNGA RES 804 (VIII) (3 December 1953) “North Korea” UN Doc A/RES/804 (VIII), https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/211798?v=pdf (accessed 10 May 2026).
  65. UNSC S/2009/277 (29 May 2009) ‘Report Of The Secretary-General On The Protection Of Civilians In Armed Conflict’ UN Doc S/2009/277, https://docs.un.org/en/S/2009/277 (accessed 10 May 2026).
  66. UNSC S/RES/1213 (3 December 1998) ‘Angola’ UN Doc S/RES/1213, https://docs.un.org/en/S/RES/1213(1998) (accessed 10 May 2026).
  67. Van Amstel, Nelleke, “In Search of Legal Grounds to Detain for Armed Groups”, International Humanitarian Legal Studies, Volume 3, 2012, s. 160-191.
  68. Yamaner, Melike Batur ve diğerleri, 12 Ağustos 1949 Tarihli Cenevre Sözleşmeleri ve Ek Protokolleri, İstanbul: Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları, ty.
  69. Yeşiltaş, Murat / Duran, Burhanettin, “Ortadoğu’da Devlet Dışı Silahlı Aktörlerin Yükselişi”, iç Mehmet Akif Memmi (edr), Ortadoğu’da Devlet Dışı Silahlı Örgütler, İstanbul: SETA, 2018, s. 9-30.