SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Yalova Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1

Scales on Older Adults’ Attitudes Toward Physical Activity and Motivation for Participation in Physical Activity: A Validity and Reliability Study

Yaşlıların Fiziksel Aktiviteye İlişkin Tutum ve Yaşlıların Fiziksel Aktiviteye Katılım Motivasyonu Ölçekleri: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Yasin Ünvanlı(POLİS AKADEMİSİ, POLİS MESLEK YÜKSEKOKULU, POLİS MESLEK YÜKSEKOKULU PR.)0000-0002-3745-5661
Ekrem Levent İlhan(GAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SPOR BİLİMLERİ FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0002-1117-2700
Pages
12–27
Publication Date
2026-03-19
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) results indicated that the model showed a good and adequate fit to the data (χ²/df=2.60; RMSEA=0.068; CFI=0.94).

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:The primary aim of this study was to develop two separate psychometric scales to measure older adults’ attitudes toward physical activity and their motivation to participate in such activities, and to evaluate the validity and reliability levels of these scales.
📊
Key Findings & Data:A total of 344 participants (199 males, 145 females), aged between 65 and 91, were included in the study.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) results indicated that the model showed a good and adequate fit to the data (χ²/df=2.60; RMSEA=0.068; CFI=0.94).
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Yaşlılık · Fiziksel Aktivite · Tutum

Abstract

The primary aim of this study was to develop two separate psychometric scales to measure older adults’ attitudes toward physical activity and their motivation to participate in such activities, and to evaluate the validity and reliability levels of these scales. A total of 344 participants (199 males, 145 females), aged between 65 and 91, were included in the study. The scale development process was conducted in multiple stages, including a comprehensive literature review, expert consultations, pilot testing, and statistical analyses. First, the Older Adults’ Attitudes Toward Physical Activity Scale (OATPAS) developed to measure attitudes revealed a three-factor structure through exploratory factor analysis (EFA): “Cognitive,” “Behavioral,” and “Affective” attitudes. These three factors explained 63.55% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) results indicated that the model showed a good and adequate fit to the data (χ²/df=2.60; RMSEA=0.068; CFI=0.94). The internal consistency coefficient for the scale was found to be α=0.94 overall. Secondly, the Older Adults’ Motivation for Participation in Physical Activity Scale (OAMPAS) consisted of two subdimensions: “Intrinsic Motivation” and “Extrinsic Motivation,” explaining 71.29% of the total variance. CFA results also confirmed the model’s satisfactory fit (χ²/df=3.46; RMSEA=0.085; CFI=0.96). The overall reliability of OAMPAS was α=0.95, with reliability coefficients for the subscales being α=0.94 (Intrinsic) and α=0.92 (Extrinsic), respectively. The findings suggest that both scales are psychometrically sound instruments that can be used to validly and reliably assess older adults’ attitudes and motivations related to physical activity.

Özet

Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, yaşlı bireylerin fiziksel aktiviteye ilişkin tutumlarını ve bu aktivitelere katılım motivasyonlarını ölçmeye yönelik iki ayrı psikometrik ölçek geliştirmek ve bu ölçeklerin geçerlik ve güvenirlik düzeylerini değerlendirmektir. Çalışmaya, yaşları 65 ile 91 arasında değişen toplam 344 katılımcı (199 erkek, 145 kadın) dâhil edilmiştir. Ölçek geliştirme süreci; kapsamlı literatür taraması, uzman görüşlerinin alınması, ön test uygulamaları ve istatistiksel analizleri içeren çok aşamalı bir yapıda gerçekleştirilmiştir. İlk olarak, yaşlı bireylerin fiziksel aktiviteye yönelik tutumlarını ölçmek amacıyla geliştirilen Yaşlıların Fiziksel Aktiviteye İlişkin Tutum Ölçeği (YFATÖ), açımlayıcı faktör analizi (AFA) ile üç faktörlü bir yapı ortaya koymuştur: “Bilişsel”, “Davranışsal” ve “Duyuşsal” tutum. Bu üç faktör, toplam varyansın %63,55’ini açıklamaktadır. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) sonuçları, modelin veriyle anlamlı ve yeterli düzeyde uyumlu olduğunu göstermiştir (x²/sd=2,60; RMSEA=0,068; CFI=0,94). Ölçeğin iç tutarlılık katsayısı genel düzeyde α=0,94 olarak bulunmuştur. İkinci olarak geliştirilen Yaşlıların Fiziksel Aktiviteye Katılım Motivasyonu Ölçeği (YFAKMÖ), “İçsel Motivasyon” ve “Dışsal Motivasyon” olmak üzere iki alt boyuttan oluşmakta ve toplam varyansın %71,29’unu açıklamaktadır. DFA bulguları bu modelin de uygun uyum düzeyine sahip olduğunu ortaya koymuştur (x²/sd=3,46; RMSEA=0,085; CFI=0,96). YFAKMÖ’nün genel güvenirliği α=0,95, alt boyutlara ait güvenirlik katsayıları ise sırasıyla α=0,94 (İçsel) ve α=0,92 (Dışsal) olarak hesaplanmıştır. Bulgular, her iki ölçeğin de yaşlı bireylerin fiziksel aktiviteye ilişkin tutum ve motivasyonlarını geçerli ve güvenilir biçimde değerlendirmek amacıyla kullanılabilecek psikometrik açıdan sağlam ölçme araçları olduğunu göstermektedir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Ünvanlı, Y., İlhan, E. L. (2026). Scales on Older Adults’ Attitudes Toward Physical Activity and Motivation for Participation in Physical Activity: A Validity and Reliability Study. Yalova Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 12–27. https://doi.org/10.70007/yalovaspor.1761144

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (55)

  1. Alpar, R. (2020). Spor, sağlık ve eğitim bilimlerinden örneklerle uygulamalı istatistik ve geçerlik—güvenirlik (7. Baskı). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  2. Arnautovska, U., Fleig, L., O’callaghan, F., and Hamilton, K. (2019). Older adults’ physical activity: The integration of autonomous motivation and theory of planned behaviour constructs. Australian Psychologist, 54(1), 46-54. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12346
  3. Baynes, J. W. (2006). Advanced glycation end-products. In encyclopedia of aging: A comprehensive resource in gerontology and geriatrics (Fourth Edition). New York: Springer, 31-34.
  4. Burkhalter, M. D., Rudolph, K. L., and Sperka, T. (2015). Genome instability of ageing stem cells—Induction and defence mechanisms. Ageing Research Reviews, 23, 29-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2015.01.004
  5. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  6. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2024). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı istatistik, araştırma deseni spss uygulamaları ve yorum. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  7. Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: The Guilford Press.
  8. Chau, J. Y., Van Der Ploeg, H. P., Merom, D., Chey, T., and Bauman, A. E. (2012). Cross-sectional associations between occupational and leisure-time sitting, physical activity and obesity in working adults. Preventive Medicine, 54(3-4), 195-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.12.020
  9. Chu, A., Lu, Y., Zhang, H., and Jiang, Y. (2023). Sedentary behavior, physical activity, social participation, and loneliness among community-dwelling older adults in China. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 31(6), 987-994. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2022-0205
  10. Chogahara, M., Cousins, S. O., and Wankel, L. M. (1998). Social influences on physical activity in older adults: a review. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 6(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.6.1.1
  11. Comrey, A. L. and Lee, H. B. (2013). A first course in factor analysis. New York: Psychology Press, 33. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315827506
  12. Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  13. Dölek, B. Ö. (2011). Türkiye’de üniversite hastanelerindeki geriatri bilim dallarına bağlı geriatri ünitelerinde verilen hizmetin sosyal hizmet temelinde değerlendirilmesi, Doktora Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, 104-195.
  14. Dismore, L., Hurst, C., Sayer, A. A., Stevenson, E., Aspray, T., and Granic, A. (2020). Study of the older adults’ motivators and barriers engaging in a nutrition and resistance exercise intervention for sarcopenia: An embedded qualitative project in the milkman pilot study. Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, 6, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333721420920398
  15. Eagly, A. H. and Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1-70.
  16. Garber, C. E., Blissmer, B., Deschenes, M. R., Franklin, B. A., Lamonte, M. J., Lee, I.-M., Nieman, D. C., and Swain, D. P. (2011). Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: Guidance for prescribing exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 43(7), 1334-1359. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318213fefb
  17. Gatignon, H. (2014). Statistical analysis of management data (Third Edition). New York: Springer.
  18. George, D. and Mallery, P. (2024). IBM SPSS statistics 26 step by step: A simple guide and reference (18th Edition). New York: Routledge, 223.
  19. Harman, D. (1981). The aging process. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 78(11), 7124-7128. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.78.11.7124
  20. Hazer, O. ve Aslan, Ö. (2010). Yaşlılıkta sosyal ilişki ve toplumsal hayata katılım. Akad Geriatri, 2, 143-147.
  21. Herring, M. P., Jacob, M. L., Suveg, C. and O’Connor, P. J. (2011). Effects of short-term exercise training on signs and symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 4(2), 71-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2011.07.002
  22. Hu, L. and Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  23. Jia, L., Zhang, W. and Chen, X. (2017). Common methods of biological age estimation. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 12, 759-772. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S134921
  24. Jöreskog, K. G. and Sörbom, D. (2001). LISREL 8: User's reference guide. Lincolnwood: Scientific Software International.
  25. Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291575
  26. Kalaycı, Ş. (2018). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri. Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım, 90.
  27. Karagöz, Y. ve Kösterelioğlu, İ. (2008). İletişim becerileri değerlendirme ölçeğinin faktör analizi metodu ile geliştirilmesi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21, 81-98.
  28. Kaya, B. (1999). Yaşlılık ve depresyon-I tanı ve değerlendirme. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics, 2(2), 76-82.
  29. Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (Fifth Edition). New York: The Guilford Press.
  30. Köklü, N. Büyüköztürk, Ş. ve Çokluk, O. (2018). Sosyal bilimler için istatistik. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  31. Kredlow, M. A., Capozzoli, M. C., Hearon, B. A., Calkins, A. W. and Otto, M. W. (2015). The effects of physical activity on sleep: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 38(3), 427-449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-015-9617-6
  32. Livingston, G., Huntley, J., Sommerlad, A., Ames, D., Ballard, C., Banerjee, S., Brayne, C., Burns, A., Cohen-Mansfield, J., Cooper, C., Costafreda, S. G., Dias, A., Fox, N., Gitlin, L. N., Howard, R., Kales, H. C., Kivimäki, M., Larson, E. B., Ogunniyi, A. and Mukadam, N. (2020). Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission. The Lancet, 396(10248), 413-446. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30367-6
  33. Martinsen, E. W. and Medhus, A. (1989). Adherence to exercise and patients’ evaluation of physical exercise in a comprehensive treatment programme for depression. Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tidsskrift, 43(5), 411-415. https://doi.org/10.3109/08039488909107864
  34. Nunnally, J. C. (1967). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw Hill.
  35. Nunnally, J. C. and Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (Third Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  36. Owen, N., Healy, G. N., Matthews, C. E. and Dunstan, D. W. (2010). Too much sitting: The population health science of sedentary behavior. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 38(3), 105-113. https://doi.org/10.1097/JES.0b013e3181e373a2
  37. Özdamar, K. (1999). Eğitim, sağlık ve davranış bilimlerinde ölçek ve test geliştirme: Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi. Eskişehir: Nisan Kitabevi, 134.
  38. Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS (Seventh Edition). London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003117452
  39. Pedro, S.-V., Neves, J. and Jesper, H. (2016). Theories of stem cell aging. In V. L. Bengtson and R. A. Settersten (Eds.), Handbook of theories of aging (Third edition). New York: Springer Publishing Company, 111-154.
  40. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. (2018). 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report. US Department of Health and Human Services.
  41. Popovic, M. (2018). Thermodynamic mechanism of life and aging. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.1801.08073
  42. Rosenberg, M. J., Hovland, I., McGuire, W. J., Abelson, R. P. and Brehm, J. W. (1960). Attitude organization and change: An analysis of consistency among attitude components, (Yales studies in attitude and communication), (Vol. III) New Haven: Yale University Press.
  43. Sarkisian, C. A., Hays, R. D. and Mangione, C. M. (2002). Do older adults expect to age successfully? The association between expectations regarding aging and beliefs regarding healthcare seeking among older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50(11), 1837-1843. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50513.x
  44. Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H. and Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research, 8(2), 23-74. https://doi.org/10.23668/PSYCHARCHIVES.12784
  45. Schuch, F. B., Vancampfort, D., Richards, J., Rosenbaum, S., Ward, P. B. and Stubbs, B. (2016). Exercise as a treatment for depression: A meta-analysis adjusting for publication bias. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 77, 42-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.02.023
  46. Schumacker, R. E. and Lomax, R. G. (2010). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling (Second Edition). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 72.
  47. Tabachnick, B. G. and Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (Fourth Edition). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  48. Tabachnick, B. G. and Fidell, L. S. (2019). Using multivariate statistics (Seventh edition). Boston: Pearson.
  49. Talas, C. (1981). Toplumsal politikaya giriş. Ankara: S Yayınları, 98.
  50. Terzioğlu, G., Güven, G., Hazer, O., Öztop, H. ve Şener, A. (2004). Yaşlılıkta sosyal ve ekonomik yaşam. Yaşlılık gerçeği. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversite Hastaneleri, 115-130.
  51. Tremblay, M. S., Aubert, S., Barnes, J. D., Saunders, T. J., Carson, V., Latimer-Cheung, A. E., Chastin, S. F. M., Altenburg, T. M. and Chinapaw, M. J. M. (2017). Sedentary behavior research network (SBRN) – Terminology consensus project process and outcome. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 14(1), 75. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-017-0525-8
  52. Zheng, M., Cao, Z., Vorobyeva, Y., Song, C., and Johnson, N. (2017). Multiscale dynamical network mechanisms underlying aging from birth to death. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2979344
  53. World Health Organization. (2018a). Global action plan on physical activity 2018–2030: More active people for a healthier world. World Health Organization. Web: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/272722, adresinden 02 Şubat 2025 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  54. World Health Organization. (2018b). Global action plan on physical activity 2018–2030: More active people for a healthier world. World Health Organization. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/272722
  55. Windle, G., Hughes, D., Linck, P., Russell, I. and Woods, B. (2010). Is exercise effective in promoting mental well-being in older age? A systematic review. Aging & Mental Health, 14(6), 652-669. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607861003713232