SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2

Groin Pain And Injury In Sport

Sporda Kasık Ağrısı ve Yaralanmaları

Çağdaş Işıklar(FENERBAHÇE ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-0287-3238
Pages
117–129
Publication Date
2021-08-22
DOI
—
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Keywords: Groin, Injury, Pain, Rehabilitation

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Groin pain is common in athletes participating in multidirectional sports and has traditionally been considered a difficult problem to understand, diagnose, and manage.
📊
Key Findings & Data:However, studies in this area have increased rapidly in the last decade.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Keywords: Groin, Injury, Pain, Rehabilitation
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Kasık · Yaralanma · Ağrı

Abstract

Groin pain is common in athletes participating in multidirectional sports and has traditionally been considered a difficult problem to understand, diagnose, and manage. This may be because the historical focus on this complex region in sports medicine has been sparse. Until recently, there was no consensus on the terminology, definitions and classification of groin pain in athletes. However, studies in this area have increased rapidly in the last decade. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of groin injuries and pain, show risk factors, injury mechanism, sources of pain, and how to follow rehabilitation. Keywords: Groin, Injury, Pain, Rehabilitation

Özet

Kasık ağrısı, çok yönlü sporlara katılan sporcularda yaygındır ve geleneksel olarak anlaşılması, teşhis edilmesi ve yönetilmesi zor bir sorun olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bunun nedeni, spor tıbbında bu karmaşık bölgeye olan tarihsel odaklanmanın seyrek olması olabilir. Yakın zamana kadar, sporcularda kasık ağrısının terminolojisi, tanımları ve sınıflandırılması konusunda bir ortak görüş bulunmamaktaydı. Bununla birlikte, son on yılda bu alandaki çalışmalar hızla artmıştır. Bu derlemenin amacı ise kasık yaralanmaları ve ağrılarına genel bir bakış sunmak, risk faktörlerini, yaralanma mekanizmasını, ağrının kaynaklarını ve rehabilitasyonda nasıl bir yol izlenebileceğini göstermektir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kasık, Yaralanma, Ağrı, Rehabilitasyon

🔖

Cite This Article

Işıklar, Ç. (2021). Groin Pain And Injury In Sport. Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 117–129. https://ajindex.com/articles/1614953

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (56)

  1. Arnason, A., Sigurdsson, S. B., Gudmundsson, A., Holme, I., Engebretsen, L., & Bahr, R. (2004). Risk Factors for Injuries in Football. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 32(SUPPL. 1). https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546503258912
  2. Brughelli, M., Cronin, J., Levin, G., & Chaouachi, A. (2008). Understanding change of direction ability in sport: A review of resistance training studies. In Sports Medicine (Vol. 38, Issue 12, pp. 1045–1063). Adis International Ltd. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200838120-00007
  3. Charnock, B. L., Lewis, C. L., Garrett, W. E., & Queen, R. M. (2009). Adductor longus mechanics during the maximal effort soccer kick. Sports Biomechanics, 8(3), 223–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763140903229500
  4. Cibulka, M., & Rojas, S. (n.d.). Hamstring Muscle Strain Treated by Mobilizing the from by guest on Want more papers like this? In academic.oup.com. Retrieved May 23, 2021, from http://ptjournal.apta.org/
  5. De Sa, D., Hölmich, P., Phillips, M., Heaven, S., Simunovic, N., Philippon, M. J., & Ayeni, O. R. (2016). Athletic groin pain: A systematic review of surgical diagnoses, investigations and treatment. In British Journal of Sports Medicine (Vol. 50, Issue 19, pp. 1181–1186). https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095137
  6. Devillé, W. L. J. M., Van Der Windt, D. A. W. M., Džaferagić, A., Bezemer, P. D., & Bouter, L. M. (2000). The test of Lasegue: Systematic review of the accuracy in diagnosing herniated discs. Spine, 25(9), 1140–1147. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200005010-00016
  7. Diamond, L. E., Dobson, F. L., Bennell, K. L., Wrigley, T. V., Hodges, P. W., & Hinman, R. S. (2015). Physical impairments and activity limitations in people with femoroacetabular impingement: A systematic review. In British Journal of Sports Medicine (Vol. 49, Issue 4, pp. 230–242). https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093340
  8. Emery, C. A., & Meeuwisse, W. H. (2001). Risk factors for groin injuries in hockey. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(9), 1423–1433. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200109000-00002
  9. Finch, C. F., Cook, J., Kunstler, B. E., Akram, M., & Orchard, J. (2017). Subsequent injuries are more common than injury recurrences: An analysis of 1 season of prospectively collected injuries in professional australian football. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(8), 1921–1927. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546517691943
  10. Gabbe, B. J., Bailey, M., Cook, J. L., Makdissi, M., Scase, E., Ames, N., Wood, T., McNeil, J. J., & Orchard, J. W. (2010). The association between hip and groin injuries in the elite junior football years and injuries sustained during elite senior competition. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(11), 799–802. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2009.062554
  11. Georgiadis, A. G., & Zaltz, I. (2014). Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis: How to Evaluate with a Review and Update of Treatment. In Pediatric Clinics of North America (Vol. 61, Issue 6, pp. 1119–1135). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2014.08.001
  12. Griffin, D. R., Dickenson, E. J., O’Donnell, J., Agricola, R., Awan, T., Beck, M., Clohisy, J. C., Dijkstra, H. P., Falvey, E., Gimpel, M., Hinman, R. S., Hölmich, P., Kassarjian, A., Martin, H. D., Martin, R., Mather, R. C.,
  13. Philippon, M. J., Reiman, M. P., Takla, A., … Bennell, K. L. (2016). The Warwick Agreement on femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAI syndrome): An international consensus statement. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(19), 1169–1176. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096743
  14. Grote, K., Lincoln, T. L., & Gamble, J. G. (2004). Hip Adductor Injury in Competitive Swimmers. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 32(1), 104–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546503258905
  15. Harøy, J., Thorborg, K., Serner, A., Bjørkheim, A., Rolstad, L. E., Hölmich, P., Bahr, R., & Andersen, T. E. (2017). Including the Copenhagen Adduction Exercise in the FIFA 11+ Provides Missing Eccentric Hip Adduction Strength Effect in Male Soccer Players: A Randomized Controlled Trial. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(13), 3052–3059. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546517720194
  16. Henschke, N., Maher, C. G., & Refshauge, K. M. (2007). Screening for malignancy in low back pain patients: A systematic review. European Spine Journal, 16(10), 1673–1679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-007-0412-0
  17. Hewett, T. E., Torg, J. S., & Boden, B. P. (2009). Video analysis of trunk and knee motion during non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes: Lateral trunk and knee abduction motion are combined components of the injury mechanism. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(6), 417–422. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2009.059162
  18. Hölmich, P., Larsen, K., Krogsgaard, K., & Gluud, C. (2010). Exercise program for prevention of groin pain in football players: A cluster-randomized trial. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 20(6), 814–821. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00998.x
  19. Hölmich, Per. (2007). Long-standing groin pain in sportspeople falls into three primary patterns, a “clinical entity” approach: A prospective study of 207 patients. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(4), 247–252. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2006.033373
  20. Hölmich, Per, Uhrskou, P., Ulnits, L., Kanstrup, I. L., Bachmann Nielsen, M., Bjerg, A. M., & Krogsgaarda, K. (1999). Effectiveness of active physical training as treatment for long-standing adductor-related groin pain in athletes: Randomised trial. Lancet, 353(9151), 439–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)03340-6
  21. Ishøi, L., & Thorborg, K. (2021). Copenhagen adduction exercise can increase eccentric strength and mitigate the risk of groin problems: But how much is enough! In British Journal of Sports Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-103564
  22. Joe, G. O., Kovacs, J. A., Miller, K. D., Kelly, G. G., Koziol, D. E., Jones, E. C., Mican, J. A. M., Masur, H., & Gerber, L. (2002). Diagnosis of avascular necrosis of the hip in asymptomatic HIV-infected patients:
  23. Clinical correlation of physical examination with magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, 16(4), 135–139. https://doi.org/10.3233/BMR-2002-16403
  24. Karlsson, M. K., Dahan, R., Magnusson, H., Nyquist, F., & Rosengren, B. E. (2014). Groin pain and soccer players: Male versus female occurrence. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 54(4), 487–493. https://europepmc.org/article/med/25034550
  25. King, E., Ward, J., Small, L., Falvey, E., & Franklyn-Miller, A. (2015). Athletic groin pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of surgical versus physical therapy rehabilitation outcomes. In British Journal of Sports Medicine (Vol. 49, Issue 22, pp. 1447–1451). https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093715
  26. Kloskowska, P., Morrissey, D., Small, C., Malliaras, P., & Barton, C. (2016). Movement Patterns and Muscular Function Before and After Onset of Sports-Related Groin Pain: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. In Sports Medicine (Vol. 46, Issue 12, pp. 1847–1867). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0523-z
  27. Knapik, J., … K. R.-J. of special, & 2017, U. (n.d.). Stress Fractures: Etiology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention. Europepmc.Org. Retrieved May 25, 2021, from https://europepmc.org/article/med/28599045
  28. Morelli, V., & Smith, V. (2001). Groin injuries in athletes. In American Family Physician (Vol. 64, Issue 8, pp. 1405–1414). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1858784/
  29. Moreno-Pérez, V., Travassos, B., Calado, A., Gonzalo-Skok, O., Del Coso, J., & Mendez-Villanueva, A. (2019). Adductor squeeze test and groin injuries in elite football players: A prospective study. Physical Therapy in Sport, 37, 54–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.03.001
  30. Mosler, A. B., Agricola, R., Weir, A., Hölmich, P., & Crossley, K. M. (2015). Which factors differentiate athletes with hip/groin pain from those without? A systematic review with meta-analysis. In British Journal of Sports Medicine (Vol. 49, Issue 12, p. 810). BMJ Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094602
  31. O’Connor, D. M. (2004). Groin injuries in professional rugby league players: A prospective study. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22(7), 629–636. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410310001655804
  32. Özge, İ., Bayar, K., And, B. B.-J. of E. T., & 2019, U. (2019). Turkish version of International Hip Outcome Tool (IHOT12T): validity and reliability study. Dergipark.Org.Tr, 6(3), 211–219. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jetr/issue/51781/536371
  33. Paajanen, H., Ristolainen, L., Turunen, H., & Kujala, U. M. (2011). Prevalence and etiological factors of sport-related groin injuries in top-level soccer compared to non-contact sports. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, 131(2), 261–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-010-1169-1
  34. Pandey, R. S., Yadav, T., Rayjade, A., Chintamani, R., & Kolhatkar, A. (2020). Effectiveness of open kinematic chain exercises and closed kinematic chain exercises in adductor groin pain in recreational football players. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 14(2), 276–282. https://doi.org/10.37506/ijfmt.v14i2.2802
  35. Patel, B. H., Okoroha, K. R., Jildeh, T. R., Lu, Y., Baker, J. D., Nwachukwu, B. U., Foster, M. G., Allen, A. A., & Forsythe, B. (2020). Adductor injuries in the National Basketball Association: an analysis of return to play and player performance from 2010 to 2019. Physician and Sportsmedicine, 48(4), 450–457. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2020.1746978
  36. Poitras, S., Rossignol, M., Dionne, C., Tousignant, M., Truchon, M., Arsenault, B., Allard, P., Coté, M., & Neveu, A. (2008). An interdisciplinary clinical practice model for the management of low-back pain in primary care: The CLIP project. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-9-54
  37. Polglase, A. L., Frydman, G. M., & Farmer, K. C. (1991). Inguinal surgery for debilitating chronic groin pain in athletes. Medical Journal of Australia, 155(10), 674–677. https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb93958.x
  38. Schilders, E., Dimitrakopoulou, A., Cooke, M., Bismil, Q., & Cooke, C. (2013). Effectiveness of a selective partial adductor release for chronic adductor-related groin pain in professional athletes. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(3), 603–607. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546513475790
  39. Schöberl, M., Prantl, L., Loose, O., Zellner, J., Angele, P., Zeman, F., Spreitzer, M., Nerlich, M., & Krutsch, W. (2017). Non-surgical treatment of pubic overload and groin pain in amateur football players: a prospective double-blinded randomised controlled study. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 25(6), 1958–1966. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-017-4423-z
  40. Serner, A., Pope, D., Weir, A., Tol, J. L., Thorborg, K., Roemer, F. W., Guermazi, A., & Hölmich, P. (2018). Infographic. Can standardised clinical examination of athletes with acute groin injuries predict the presence and location of MRI findings? In British Journal of Sports Medicine (Vol. 52, Issue 14, pp. 892–893). BMJ Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098534
  41. Tak, I., Engelaar, L., Gouttebarge, V., Barendrecht, M., Van Den Heuvel, S., Kerkhoffs, G., Langhout, R., Stubbe, J., & Weir, A. (2017). Is lower hip range of motion a risk factor for groin pain in athletes? A systematic review with clinical applications. In British Journal of Sports Medicine (Vol. 51, Issue 22, pp. 1611–1621). BMJ Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096619
  42. Tak, I., Glasgow, P., Langhout, R., Weir, A., Kerkhoffs, G., & Agricola, R. (2016). Hip Range of Motion Is Lower in Professional Soccer Players with Hip and Groin Symptoms or Previous Injuries, Independent of Cam Deformities. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(3), 682–688. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546515617747
  43. Thorborg, K, Tijssen, M., Habets, B., Bartels, E. M., Roos, E. M., Kemp, J., Crossley, K. M., & Hölmich, P. (2015). Patient-Reported Outcome (PRO) questionnaires for young to middle-aged adults with hip and groin disability: A systematic review of the clinimetric evidence. In British Journal of Sports Medicine (Vol. 49, Issue 12, p. 812). https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-094224
  44. Thorborg, Kristian, Reiman, M. P., Weir, A., Kemp, J. L., Serner, A., Mosler, A. B., & Hölmich, P. (2018). Clinical examination, diagnostic imaging, and testing of athletes with groin pain: An evidence-based approach to effective management. In Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy (Vol. 48, Issue 4, pp. 239–249). Movement Science Media. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2018.7850
  45. Thorborg, Kristian, Serner, A., Petersen, J., Moller Madsen, T., Magnusson, P., & Hölmich, P. (2011). Hip adduction and abduction strength profiles in elite soccer players: Implications for clinical evaluation of hip adductor muscle recovery after injury. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(1), 121–126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546510378081
  46. Toohey, L. A., Drew, M. K., Cook, J. L., Finch, C. F., & Gaida, J. E. (2017). Is subsequent lower limb injury associated with previous injury? A systematic review and meta-analysis. In British Journal of Sports Medicine (Vol. 51, Issue 23, pp. 1670–1678). BMJ Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097500
  47. Tyler, T. F., Nicholas, S. J., Campbell, R. J., Donellan, S., & McHugh, M. P. (2002). The effectiveness of a preseason exercise program to prevent adductor muscle strains in professional ice hockey players. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 30(5), 680–683. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465020300050801
  48. Tyler, T. F., Silvers, H. J., Gerhardt, M. B., & Nicholas, S. J. (2010). Groin injuries in sports medicine. Sports Health, 2(3), 231–236. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738110366820
  49. Van Beijsterveldt, A. M. C., Van De Port, I. G. L., Krist, M. R., Schmikli, S. L., Stubbe, J. H., Frederiks, J. E., & Backx, F. J. G. (2012). Effectiveness of an injury prevention programme for adult male amateur soccer players: A cluster-randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 46(16), 1114–1118. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091277
  50. van der Windt, D. A., Simons, E., Riphagen, I. I., Ammendolia, C., Verhagen, A. P., Laslett, M., Devillé, W., Deyo, R. A., Bouter, L. M., de Vet, H. C., & Aertgeerts, B. (2010). Physical examination for lumbar radiculopathy due to disc herniation in patients with low-back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd007431.pub2
  51. Verrall, G. M., Esterman, A., & Hewett, T. E. (2014). Analysis of the three most prevalent injuries in Australian football demonstrates a season to season association between groin/hip/ osteitis pubis injuries with ACL knee injuries. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.23072
  52. Weir, A., Jansen, J. A. C. G., van de Port, I. G. L., Van de Sande, H. B. A., Tol, J. L., & Backx, F. J. G. (2011). Manual or exercise therapy for long-standing adductor-related groin pain: A randomised controlled clinical trial. Manual Therapy, 16(2), 148–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2010.09.001
  53. Weir, Adam, Brukner, P., Delahunt, E., Ekstrand, J., Griffin, D., Khan, K. M., Lovell, G., Meyers, W. C., Muschaweck, U., Orchard, J., Paajanen, H., Philippon, M., Reboul, G., Robinson, P., Schache, A. G., Schilders, E., Serner, A., Silvers, H., Thorborg, K., … Hölmich, P. (2015). Doha agreement meeting on terminology and definitions in groin pain in athletes. In British Journal of Sports Medicine (Vol. 49, Issue 12, pp. 768–774). https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094869
  54. Werner, J., Hägglund, M., Waldén, M., & Ekstrand, J. (2009). UEFA injury study: A prospective study of hip and groin injuries in professional football over seven consecutive seasons. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(13), 1036–1040. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2009.066944
  55. Whittaker, J. L., Small, C., Maffey, L., & Emery, C. A. (2015). Risk factors for groin injury in sport: An updated systematic review. In British Journal of Sports Medicine (Vol. 49, Issue 12, pp. 803–809). BMJ Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-094287
  56. Young, W. B., James, R., & Montgomery, I. (2002). Is muscle power related to running speed with changes of direction? Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 42(3), 282–288. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Warren_Young/publication/11281917_Is_Muscle_Power_Related_to_Running_Speed_With_Changes_of_Direction/links/0deec529cfa284fa7d000000.pdf