SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Düzce Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Gambling in Sports: Validity and Reliability Study of the Gambling Passion Scale

Sporda Bahis: Bahis Tutkusu Ölçeğinin Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması

Ahmet Özsoy(BOLU ABANT İZZET BAYSAL UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SPORTS SCIENCES)0000-0002-5429-4732
Aydanur Önal(Halic UUniversity)0009-0000-9526-265X
Nuh Osman Yıldız(BOLU ABANT IZZET BAYSAL UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SPORTS SCIENCE)0000-0002-0122-4335
Pages
67–77
Publication Date
2026-02-27
DOI
—
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The findings indicate that the Turkish Culture Gambling Addiction Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool for assessing individuals' levels of gambling addiction.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:The purpose of this study is to adapt the “Gambling Passion Scale” loped Rousseau et al. (2002), to Turkish culture and to conduct validity and reliability analyses.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The research group consisted of a total of 344 participants aged 18–35 who actively bet on sports (AFA=166; DFA=178).
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The findings indicate that the Turkish Culture Gambling Addiction Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool for assessing individuals' levels of gambling addiction.
🔬Design:Survey & Empirical Study
📍Scope:2002 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Spor Bahisleri · Bahis Tutkusu · Bahis bağımlılığı

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to adapt the “Gambling Passion Scale” loped Rousseau et al. (2002), to Turkish culture and to conduct validity and reliability analyses. The study was conducted using the survey model, one of the quantitative research designs. The adaptation process was carried out according to the five-step translation model recommended in the literature: translation into the target language, back-translation, expert review, pilot application, and validity-reliability analyses. The research group consisted of a total of 344 participants aged 18–35 who actively bet on sports (AFA=166; DFA=178). The results of the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) of the obtained data revealed that the scale had a two-factor structure (Obsessive Passion and Harmonious Passion) and explained 63.9% of the total variance (KMO=0.92; Bartlett χ²=801.495; p<0.001). Factor loadings ranged from 0.53 to 0.92, Cronbach's Alpha coefficients were 0.85–0.90, and the Omega reliability coefficient was 0.90. According to the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) results, the goodness-of-fit indices are acceptable (χ²/df=1.76; RMSEA=0.066; CFI=0.981; SRMR=0.292). Furthermore, the CR (0.87–0.93) and AVE (0.58–0.73) values supporting construct validity confirm the convergent and discriminant validity of the scale. The findings indicate that the Turkish Culture Gambling Addiction Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool for assessing individuals' levels of gambling addiction.

Özet

Bu araştırmanın amacı, Rousseau ve arkadaşları (2002) tarafından geliştirilen “Bahis Tutkusu Ölçeği”nin Türk kültürüne uyarlanması, geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizlerinin gerçekleştirilmesidir. Araştırma, nicel araştırma desenlerinden tarama modeliyle yürütülmüştür. Uyarlama süreci literatürde önerilen beş aşamalı çeviri modeline göre gerçekleştirilmiştir: hedef dile çeviri, geri çeviri, uzman görüşü alınması, pilot uygulama ve geçerlik–güvenirlik analizleri. Araştırma grubu, 18–35 yaş aralığında yer alan ve aktif olarak spor bahsi oynayan toplam 344 katılımcıdan oluşmuştur (AFA=166; DFA=178). Elde edilen verilere ilişkin Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) sonucunda ölçeğin iki faktörlü (Obsesif Tutku ve Uyumlu Tutku) bir yapıya sahip olduğu ve toplam varyansın %63.9’unu açıkladığı belirlenmiştir (KMO=0.92; Bartlett χ²=801.495; p<0.001). Faktör yükleri 0.53 ile 0.92 arasında, Cronbach Alfa katsayıları 0.85–0.90, Omega güvenirlik katsayısı ise 0.90 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) sonuçlarına göre uyum iyiliği indeksleri kabul edilebilir düzeydedir (χ²/sd=1.76; RMSEA=0.066; CFI=0.981; SRMR=0.292). Ayrıca yapı geçerliğini destekleyen CR (0.87–0.93) ve AVE (0.58–0.73) değerleri, ölçeğin birleşim ve ayrışım geçerliğini doğrulamaktadır. Bulgular, Türkçe Bahis Tutkusu Ölçeği’nin, bireylerin bahis tutkusu düzeylerini değerlendirmede geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğunu göstermektedir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Özsoy, A., Önal, A., Yıldız, N. O. (2026). Gambling in Sports: Validity and Reliability Study of the Gambling Passion Scale. Düzce Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 67–77. https://ajindex.com/articles/1613220

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (69)

  1. Abbott, M., Binde, P., Clark, L., Hodgins, D., Johnson, M., Manitowabi, D., Quilty, L., Spångberg, J., Volberg, R., Walker, D., & Williams, R. (2018). Conceptual framework of harmful gambling: An international collaboration. Gambling Research Exchange Ontario. https://doi.org/10.11575/PRISM/43603
  2. Akev, S. T. (1964). Türk hususi hukukunda kumar ve bahis [Doctoral dissertation, İstanbul University].
  3. Akyüz, A. (2019). Charles Dickens'ın Büyük Umutlar romanında tutku ve hırs [Master’s thesis, Kafkas University].
  4. American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.; DSM-5-TR). American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
  5. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5). American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
  6. Arcan, K., & Karancı, A. N. (2014). Adaptation, validity, and reliability study of the Five-Factor Gambling Motives Scale. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 15(3), 248–256. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.48431
  7. Ayala-Rojas, R. E., Granero, R., Fernandez-Aranda, F., Gomez-Pena, M., Moragas, L., Perales, I., & Jiménez-Murcia, S. (2025). Online gaming disorder and sports betting addiction: Convergences and divergences. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 23(6), 4913-4937. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-024-01386-x
  8. Balogh, K. N., Mayes, L. C., & Potenza, M. N. (2013). Risk-taking and decision-making in youth: Relationships to addiction vulnerability. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1556/JBA.2.2013.1.1
  9. Battaglia, A. M., Vedelago, L., Coelho, S. G., Baumgartner, C., Schaub, M. P., Stewart, S. H., MacKillop, J., Hodgins, D. C., Wardell, J. D., O’Connor, R. M., Kim, H. S., & Keough, M. T. (2024). Psychometric validation of the Gambling Craving Scale in a treatment-seeking sample. Journal of Gambling Studies, 40(3), 1761–1778. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-024-10306-6
  10. Beech, J. G., & Chadwick, S. (Eds.). (2007). The marketing of sport. Pearson Education.
  11. Berridge, K. C., & Dayan, P. (2021). Liking. Current Biology, 31(24), R1555–R1557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.069
  12. Binde, P. (2005). Gambling across cultures: mapping worldwide occurrence and learning from ethnographic comparison. International Gambling Studies, 5(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459790500097913
  13. Buchdahl, J. (2003). Fixed odds sports betting: Statistical forecasting and risk management. Summersdale Publishers.
  14. Buran, A., Çakıcı, M., Çakır, G., & Yılmaz, B. (2019). Turkish validity and reliability study of Gambling Craving Scale. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 20(Supplement 2), 84–86. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.302644866
  15. Can, A. (2022). SPSS ile bilimsel araştırma sürecinde nicel veri analizi. Pegem Akademi.
  16. Casey, B. J., Getz, S., & Galvan, A. (2008). The adolescent brain. Developmental Review, 28(1), 62–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2007.08.003
  17. Cho, E., & Kim, S. (2014). Cronbach’s coefficient alpha: Well known but poorly understood. Organizational Research Methods, 18(2), 207–230. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428114555994
  18. Clarke, D. (2006). Impulsivity as a mediator in the relationship between depression and problem gambling. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(1), 5–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.05.008
  19. Cohen, A., & Avrahami, A. (2005). Soccer fans’ motivation as a predictor of participation in soccer-related activities: An empirical examination in Israel. Social Behavior and Personality, 33(5), 419–434. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2005.33.5.419
  20. Congdon, E., & Canli, T. (2008). A neurogenetic approach to impulsivity. Journal of Personality, 76(6), 1447–1484. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00528.x
  21. Crews, F. T., & Boettiger, C. A. (2009). Impulsivity, frontal lobes and risk for addiction. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 93(3), 237–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2009.04.018
  22. Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (2. baskı). Pegem Akademi.
  23. Demirhan, O. (2024). Spor bahisi oynayanların tutum, motivasyon ve taraftar sadakat düzeylerinin araştırılması [Doctoral dissertation, Sakarya University of Applied Sciences].
  24. Delfabbro, P. H. (2012). Australasian gambling review (5th ed.). Independent Gambling Authority.
  25. DeVellis, R. F. (2014). Ölçek geliştirme: Kuram ve uygulamalar (T. Totan, Çev.). Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  26. Drakeford, B. P., & Hudson-Smith, M. (2015). Mobile gambling: Implications of accessibility. Journal of Research Studies in Business & Management, 1(1), 3-28.
  27. Etuk, R., Xu, T., Abarbanel, B., Potenza, M. N., & Kraus, S. W. (2022). Sports betting around the world: A systematic review. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 11(3), 689–715. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2022.00064
  28. Evren, C., Evren, B., Dalbudak, E., Topcu, M., & Kutlu, N. (2020). Development and psychometric validation of the Turkish gambling disorder screening test: A measure that evaluates gambling disorder regarding the American psychiatric association framework. Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 10(3), 116–124. https://doi.org/10.5455/PBS.20200512061508
  29. Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
  30. Gökçe Yüce, S. (2020). Spor bahsi oynamaya ilişkin motivasyon faktörlerinin spor bahis bağımlılığı üzerine etkisi (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Anadolu University, Institute of Health Sciences.
  31. Granero, R., Jiménez-Murcia, S., del Pino-Gutiérrez, A., Mora, B., Mendoza-Valenciano, E., Baenas-Soto, I., Gómez-Peña, I., Moragas, L., Codina, E., López-González, H., Mena-Moreno, T., Mestre-Bach, G., Valero-Solís, S., Rivas, S., Agüera, Z., Vintró-Alcaraz, C., Lozano-Madrid, M., Menchón, J. M., & Fernández-Aranda, F. (2020). Gambling phenotypes in online sports betting. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 482. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00482
  32. Gullo, M. J., Loxton, N. J., Lindsay, H. J., & Mendes, R. A. (2023). Losing control in controlled settings. Current Addiction Reports, 10(3), 519–542. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-023-00507-1
  33. Gürbüz, S. (2019). AMOS ile yapısal eşitlik modellemesi. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  34. Gürbüz, S., & Şahin, F. (2018). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  35. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson Education.
  36. Heemskerk, S. (2022). Online sports betting; the gateway to a betting addiction? And the influence the government should have [Master’s thesis, Tilburg University]. Tilburg University Repository.
  37. Helfrich, K. (2025). A bad bet for adolescents: Psychological perspectives on sports betting & digital gambling technologies [Bachelor's thesis, Claremont McKenna College]. Scholarship@Claremont. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/3879/
  38. Hing, N., Vitartas, P., & Lamont, M. (2014). Promotion of gambling and live betting odds during televised sport: Influences on gambling participation and problem gambling. Lismore, NSW: Centre for Gambling Education and Research, Southern Cross University. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.1643.8087
  39. Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  40. Igo, J., & Ehigie, B. O. (2021). Development and validation of Sports Betting Addictive Behaviour Scale. Global Journal of Human‑Social Science, 21(A8), 33–46. https://socialscienceresearch.org/index.php/GJHSS/article/view/3698
  41. Özkatar Kaya, E. (2022). Düzenli spor aktivitelerine katılımın kadınlardaki özgüvene etkisi. In E. Dorukan (Ed.), Sporda araştırma ve değerlendirmeler (pp. 117-131). Gece Kitaplığı.
  42. Karagöz, Y. (2021). SPSS ve AMOS uygulamali nicel-nitel-karma bilimsel araştirma yöntemleri ve yayin etiği. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  43. Koning, R. H., & van Velzen, B. (2009). Betting exchanges: The future of sports betting? International Journal of Sport Finance, 4(1), 42-62. https://doi.org/10.1177/155862350900400104
  44. Koob, G. F., & Volkow, N. D. (2010). Neurocircuitry of addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35(1), 217–238. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2009.110
  45. Kranzler, H. R., & Li, T. K. (2008). What is addiction? Alcohol Research & Health, 31(2), 93–95.
  46. Lee, C. K., Chung, N., & Bernhard, B. J. (2014). Examining structural relationships among gambling motivation, passion, and consequences of Internet sports betting. Journal of Gambling Studies, 30(4), 845–858. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-013-9400-y
  47. Lera‐López, F., Ollo‐López, A., & Sánchez‐Santos, J. M. (2021). Is passive sport engagement positively associated with happiness? Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 13(1), 195–218. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12227
  48. Mageau, G. A., Vallerand, R. J., Rousseau, F. L., Ratelle, C. F., & Provencher, P. J. (2005). Passion and gambling: Investigating the Divergent affective and cognitive consequences of gambling. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35(1), 100-118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02095.x
  49. Mao, L. L., Zhang, J. J., & Connaughton, D. P. (2015). Sports gambling as consumption. Sport Management Review, 18(3), 436–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2014.11.006
  50. McGee, D. (2020). On the normalisation of online sports gambling among young adult men in the UK. Public Health, 184, 89–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.04.018
  51. Momodu, H. S. (2014). Perceived social impacts of legalized betting: The case of Famagusta, TRNC [Doctoral dissertation, Eastern Mediterranean University]. Eastern Mediterranean University Repository.
  52. Morvannou, A., Dufour, M., Monson, E., & Roy, É. (2018). Passion for gambling: A scoping review. International Gambling Studies, 18(3), 460–476. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2018.1459777
  53. Newall, P. W. S., Moodie, C., Reith, G., Stead, M., Critchlow, N., Morgan, A., & Dobbie, F. (2019). Gambling marketing from 2014 to 2018. Current Addiction Reports, 6(2), 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-019-00239-1
  54. Ratelle, C. F., Vallerand, R. J., Mageau, G. A., Rousseau, F. L., & Provencher, P. P. (2004). When passion leads to problematic outcomes: A look at gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 20(2), 105–119. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOGS.0000022304.96042.e6
  55. Rousseau, F. L., Vallerand, R. J., Ratelle, C. F., Mageau, G. A., & Provencher, P. J. (2002). Passion and gambling: On the validation of the Gambling Passion Scale (GPS). Journal of Gambling Studies, 18(1), 45–66. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014532229487
  56. Rutherford, H. J. V., Mayes, L. C., & Potenza, M. N. (2010). Neurobiology of adolescent substance use disorders: Implications for prevention and treatment. Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 19(3), 479–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2010.03.003
  57. Schutter, D. J. L. G., van Bokhoven, I., Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J., Lochman, J. E., & Matthys, W. (2011). Risky decision making in substance dependent adolescents with a disruptive behavior disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39(3), 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-010-9475-1
  58. Schwarz, E., & Hunter, J. (2008). Advanced theory and practice in sport marketing (2nd ed.). Elsevier.
  59. Shaffer, H. J., & Korn, D. A. (2002). Gambling and related mental disorders: A public health analysis. Annual Review of Public Health, 23(1), 171-212. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.23.100901.140532
  60. Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Pearson.
  61. Tuncel, E. (2024). 7258 sayılı kanun kapsamında spor müsabakalarına dayalı yasadışı bahis ve şans oyunu suçu [Master’s thesis, Altınbaş University]. Altınbaş University Repository.
  62. Türk, E. M. (2024). Kumarın dijitalleşmesi: Sanal bahis ve şans oyunları [Master’s thesis, Socıal Sciences University of Ankara]. Socıal Sciences University of Ankara Repository.
  63. Valenciano-Mendoza, E., Mora-Maltas, B., Mestre-Bach, G., Munguía, L., Richard, J., Derevensky, J. L., Potenza, M. N., & Jiménez-Murcia, S. (2023). Clinical correlates of sports betting: A systematic review. Journal of Gambling Studies, 39(2), 579–624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-023-10196-0
  64. Vallerand, R. J. (2015). The psychology of passion. Academic Press.
  65. Vallerand, R. J., & Guay, F. (2012). Les jeux de hasard et d’argent chez les personnes aînées: État de la situation [Research report]. Fonds de recherche du Québec – Société et culture; Université du Québec à Montréal. https://frq.gouv.qc.ca/app/uploads/2021/09/pc_vallerandrj_rapport-2012_jeux-aines-etat-situation.pdf
  66. Vidal-Puga, J. (2017). On the effect of taxation in the online sports betting market. SERIEs, 8(2), 145–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13209-017-0156-y
  67. Wann, D. L., Melnick, M. J., Russell, G. W., & Pease, D. G. (2001). Sport fans: The psychology and social impact of spectators. Routledge.
  68. Yaşar, M. R. (2011). İddialı işler: İddia oyununa sosyolojik bir bakış. e-Journal of New World Sciences Academy, 6(3), 456–484.
  69. Young, M. M., Wohl, M. J. A., Matheson, K., Baumann, S., & Anisman, H. (2008). The desire to gamble: The influence of outcomes on the priming effects of a gambling episode. Journal of Gambling Studies, 24(3), 275-293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-008-9093-9