Journals / Current Research and Reviews in Psychology and Psychiatry / 2026 / Cilt: 6

A Review of the Relationships among Emotions, Emotion Regulation, and Health

Duygular, Duygu Düzenleme ve Sağlık Arasındaki İlişkilerin Gözden Geçirilmesi

Sevginar Vatan(HACETTEPE ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-4040-0888
Zehra Sena Giray(Özel Boylam Psikiyatri Hastanesi)0000-0003-3597-8490
Pages
—
Publication Date
2026-07-28
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

It is recommended that emotion regulation skills are strengthened in clinical and public health interventions, considering cultural context, developmental stage and differences in clinical populations.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:The purpose of this article is to explore how the latest findings in the field of affective science can be applied to health.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Functional emotion regulation strategies are associated with lower physiological stress and healthier behaviors, whereas suppression, avoidance and rumination are associated with an increased stress response, inflammation and cardiovascular risk.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:It is recommended that emotion regulation skills are strengthened in clinical and public health interventions, considering cultural context, developmental stage and differences in clinical populations.
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:duygu bilim · duygu düzenleme · sağlık

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to explore how the latest findings in the field of affective science can be applied to health. To this end, the basic concepts of emotions and stress were reviewed first. Next, studies investigating the relationship between affective science and health were examined. Finally, the most informative findings ready for transfer to health and health-related behaviors are presented. Functional emotion regulation strategies are associated with lower physiological stress and healthier behaviors, whereas suppression, avoidance and rumination are associated with an increased stress response, inflammation and cardiovascular risk. In the area of pain, suppressing emotions is associated with higher pain intensity and functional impairment, whereas appropriate expression is associated with lower pain. In the immune system, suppression as an emotion regulation strategy, and in particular, feelings of shame and guilt, are associated with pro-inflammatory markers. In the cardiovascular domain, anger, hostility and suppression are associated with an increased risk, and cultural context appears to be an important factor in physiological responses. Difficulties in emotion regulation, visceral sensitivity and catastrophizing are associated with symptom severity in gastrointestinal disorders. It is evident that many of the findings are based on cross-sectional studies, and therefore there is a greater need for biomarker-based and longitudinal studies in this field. Emotion regulation affects physical health directly and indirectly. It is recommended that emotion regulation skills are strengthened in clinical and public health interventions, considering cultural context, developmental stage and differences in clinical populations.

Özet

Bu makalenin amacı, duygu bilimden elde edilen son bulguların sağlık alanına nasıl aktarılabileceğine dair görüş sağlamaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda ilk olarak duygu ve stresin temel kavramlarıyla ilgili tanımsal kavramlar gözden geçirilmiştir. Daha sonra, duygu bilim ve sağlık alanı ilişkisine dair bilgiler sunan araştırmalar gözden geçirilmiştir. Son olarak, en bilgilendirici ve aynı zamanda sağlık ve sağlıkla ilgili davranış alanlarına aktarılmaya hazır bulgular sunulmuştur. Duygu düzenlemede işlevsel stratejiler daha düşük fizyolojik yük ve daha uyumlu sağlık davranışlarıyla; bastırma ile kaçınma ve ruminasyon ise artmış stres yanıtı, inflamasyon ve kardiyovasküler risklerle ilişkilidir. Ağrı alanında duyguları bastırma daha yüksek ağrı şiddeti ve işlev kaybıyla; uygun ifade ise daha düşük ağrı ile bağlantılıdır. Bağışıklık sisteminde, duygu düzenleme stratejilerinden bastırmanın ve özellikle utanç ve suçluluk duygularının proinflamatuvar göstergelerle ilişkili olduğu görülmektedir. Kardiyovasküler alanda öfke ile hostilite ve bastırma risk artışıyla ilişkili olup, kültürel bağlamın fizyolojik yanıtlar üzerinde önemli bir faktör olabileceği görülmektedir. Gastrointestinal bozukluklarda da duygu düzenleme güçlükleri, viseral duyarlılık ve felaketleştirmenin semptom şiddeti ile ilişkili olduğu söylenebilir. Bulguların önemli bir kısmının kesitsel araştırmalara dayandığı, dolayısı ile bu alanda biyobelirteç temelli ve boylamsal çalışmalara daha fazla ihtiyaç olduğu görülmektedir. Duygu düzenleme, fiziksel sağlığı hem doğrudan hem de dolaylı yollarla etkiler. Klinik ve halk sağlığı müdahalelerinde duygu düzenleme becerilerinin güçlendirilmesi; kültürel bağlam, gelişimsel dönem ve klinik popülasyon farklılıklarının dikkate alınması önerilmektedir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Vatan, S., Giray, Z. S. (2026). A Review of the Relationships among Emotions, Emotion Regulation, and Health. Current Research and Reviews in Psychology and Psychiatry, Cilt: 6. https://doi.org/10.65127/crrpp.1825243

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (88)

  1. Ader, R. ve Cohen, N. (1993). Psychoneuroimmunology: Conditioning and stress. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 53-85. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.000413
  2. Alexander, F. (1939). Emotional factors in essential hypertension: Presentation of a tentative hypothesis. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1(1), 173-179.
  3. Alexander, F. (1950). Psychosomatic medicine: Its principles and applications. W.W. Norton & Company.
  4. Alexander, F. ve French, T. M. (1946). Psychoanalytic therapy: Principles and application. Ronald Press.
  5. Alghamdi, M. S., Alghamdi, A. F., Almalawi, A. M., Alsulami, R. A., Hazazi, H. A., … Salawati, E. (2023). The association between neck pain and psychological distress experienced by King Abdulaziz University students: A cross-sectional study. Cureus, 15(3), e35685. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.35685
  6. Appleton, A. A., Buka, S. L., Loucks, E. B., Gilman, S. E. ve Kubzansky, L. D. (2013). Divergent associations of adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies with inflammation. Health Psychology: Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 32(7), 748-56. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030068
  7. Bhattacharya, R., Shen, C. ve Sambamoorthi, U. (2014). Excess risk of chronic physical conditions associated with depression and anxiety. BMC Psychiatry, 14, 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-14-10
  8. Blozik, E., Laptinskaya, D., Herrmann-Lingen, C., Schaefer, H., Kochen, M. M., … Scherer, M. (2009). Depression and anxiety as major determinants of neck pain: A cross-sectional study in general practice. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 10, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-10-13
  9. Boylan, J. M. ve Ryff, C. D. (2015). High anger expression exacerbates the relationship between age and metabolic syndrome. The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 70(1), 77-82. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbt092
  10. Böhme, R. A., Banellis, L., Vejlø, M., Allen, M. G. ve Fardo, F. (2025). No evidence for a link between mental health symptoms and pain thresholds. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2025.2534858
  11. Burns, J. W. (2006) Arousal of negative emotions and symptom-specific reactivity in chronic low back pain patients. Emotion, 6(2), 309-319. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.6.2.309
  12. Burns, J. W., Holly, A., Quartana, P., Wolff, B., Gray, E. ve Bruehl, S. (2008). Trait anger management style moderates effects of actual (“state”) anger regulation on symptom-specific reactivity and recovery among chronic low back pain patients. Psychosomatic Medicine, 70(8), 898-905. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181835cb7
  13. Burns, J. W., Quartana, P. J., Gilliam, W., Matsuura, J., Nappi, C. ve Wolfe, B. (2012). Suppression of anger and subsequent pain intensity and behavior among chronic low back pain patients: The role of symptom-specific physiological reactivity. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 35(1), 103-114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-011-9347-3
  14. Butler, E. A., Lee, T. L. ve Gross, J. J. (2009). Does expressing your emotions raise or lower your blood pressure? Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40(3), 510-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022109332845
  15. Cerna, A., Malinakova, K., Van Dijk, J. P., Zidkova, R. ve Tavel, P. (2021). Guilt, shame and their associations with chronic diseases in Czech adults. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 27(2), 503-512. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2021.1903058
  16. Chaplin, D. D. (2010). Overview of the immune response. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 125(2 Suppl 2), 3-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.980
  17. Chida, Y. ve Steptoe, A. (2009). The association of anger and hostility with future coronary heart disease: A meta-analytic review of prospective evidence. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 53(11), 936-946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.11.044
  18. Cooper, M.L., Frone, M.R., Russell, M. ve Mudar, P. (1995). Drinking to regulate positive and negative emotions: A motivational model of alcohol use. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 990-1005. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.69.5.990
  19. Coyne, J. C., Pajak, T. F., Harris, J., Konski, A., Movsas, B., … Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (2007). Emotional well-being does not predict survival in head and neck cancer patients: A Radiation Therapy Oncology Group study. Cancer, 110(11), 2568-2575. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.23080
  20. Demyttenaere, K., Bruffaerts, R., Lee, S., Posada-Villa, J., Kovess, V., … Von Korff, M. (2007). Mental disorders among persons with chronic back or neck pain: Results from the world mental health surveys. Pain, 129(3), 332-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2007.01.022
  21. Denollet, J., Nyklìček, I. ve Vingerhoets, A. J. (2008). Introduction: Emotions, emotion regulation, and health. Emotion regulation: Conceptual and clinical issues (s. 3-11) içinde. Springer US.
  22. Dickerson, S. S., Kemeny, M. E., Aziz, N., Kim, K. H. ve Fahey, J. L. (2004). Immunological effects of induced shame and guilt. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66(1), 124-131. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000097338.75454.29
  23. Dorard, G., Berthoz, S., Phan, O., Corcos, M. ve Bungener, C. (2008). Affect dysregulation in cannabis abusers: A study in adolescents and young adults. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 17(5), 274-282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-007-0663-7
  24. Dunbar, H. F. (1954). Emotions and bodily changes: A survey of literature on Psychosomatic Interrelationships (4. Baskı). Columbia University Press.
  25. Ekman, P. ve Davidson, R. J. (1994). The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions. Oxford University Press.
  26. Ferrer, R. A., Green, P. A., Oh, A. Y., Hennessy, E. ve Dwyer, L. A. (2017). Emotion suppression, emotional eating, and eating behavior among parent-adolescent dyads. Emotion, 17(7), 1052-65. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000295
  27. Friedman, H. S. ve Booth-Kewley, S. (1987). The “disease-prone personality”. A meta-analytic view of the construct. American Psychologist, 42(6), 539-555. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.42.6.539
  28. Golden, S. H., Williams, J. E., Ford, D. E., Yeh, H. C., Sanford, C. P., … Brancati, F. L. (2006). Anger temperament is modestly associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: The atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31(3), 325-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.08.008
  29. Gross, J. (1989). Emotional expression in cancer onset and progression. Social Science & Medicine, 28(12), 1239-1248. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(89)90342-0
  30. Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271-299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
  31. Gross, J. J. (1999). Emotion regulation: Past, present, future. Cognition & Emotion, 13(5), 551-573.
  32. Gross, J. J. ve John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348-362. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
  33. Gross, J. J. ve Levenson, R. W. (1993). Emotional suppression: Physiology, self-report, and expressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(6), 970-986. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.6.970
  34. Gross, J. J. ve Levenson, R.W. (1997). Hiding feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106(1), 95-103. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.106.1.95
  35. Gross, J. J. ve Muñoz, R. F. (1995). Emotion regulation and mental health. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 2(2), 151-164. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.1995.tb00036.x
  36. Gross, J. J. ve Thompson, R. A. (2007). Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations. J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (s. 3-24) içinde. The Guilford Press.
  37. Halliday, J. L. (1937). Approach to asthma. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 17(1), 1-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1937.tb00276.x
  38. Haukkala, A., Konttinen, H., Laatikainen, T., Kawachi, I. ve Uutela, A. (2010). Hostility, anger control, and anger expression as predictors of cardiovascular disease. Psychosomatic Medicine, 72(6), 556-562. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181dbab87
  39. Irwin, M. R. ve Cole, S. W. (2011). Reciprocal regulation of the neural and innate immune systems. Nature Reviews Immunology, 11(9), 625-632. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3042
  40. Jensen, M. P., Turner, J. A., Romano, J. M. ve Karoly, P. (2009). Coping with chronic pain: A critical review of the literature. Pain, 3(5), 455-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(91)90216-K
  41. Joormann, J. ve Gotlib, I. H. (2010). Emotion regulation in depression: Relation to cognitive inhibition. Cognition and Emotion, 24(2), 281-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930903407948
  42. Juster, R. P., McEwen, B. S. ve Lupien, S. J. (2010), Allostatic load biomarkers of chronic stress and impact on health and cognition. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(1), 2-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.10.002
  43. Kang, H. J., Bae, K. Y., Kim, S. W., Shin, H. Y., Shin, I. S. … Kim, J. M. (2017). Impact of anxiety and depression on physical health condition and disability in an elderly Korean Population. Psychiatry Investigation, 14(3), 240-248. https://doi.org/10.4306/pi.2017.14.3.240
  44. Khan, A. J., O’Donovan, A., Neylan, T. C., Gross, J. J. ve Cohen, B. E. (2020). Suppression, but not reappraisal, is associated with inflammation in trauma-exposed veterans. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104871
  45. Kitayama, S., Park, J., Boylan, J. M., Miyamoto, Y., Levine, C. S., … Ryff, C. D. (2015). Expression of anger and ill health in two cultures: An examination of inflammation and cardiovascular risk. Psychological Science, 26(2), 211-220. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614561268
  46. Koole, S. L. (2009). The psychology of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Cognition and Emotion, 23(1), 4-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930802619031
  47. Kornerup, H., Zwisler, A. D., Prescott, E. ve DANREHAB Group, Copenhagen, Denmark (2011). No association between anxiety and depression and adverse clinical outcome among patients with cardiovascular disease: Findings from the DANREHAB trial. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 71(4), 207-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.04.006
  48. Krantz, D. S. ve Manuck, S. B. (1984). Acute psychophysiologic reactivity and risk of cardiovascular disease: A review and methodologic critique. Psychological Bulletin, 96(3), 435-464.
  49. Larsen, R. J. ve Diener, E. (1987). Affect intensity as an individual difference characteristic: A review. Journal of Research in Personality, 21(1), 1-39.
  50. Lopez, R. B., Brown, R. L., Wu, E.-L. L., Murdock, K. W., Denny, B. T., … Fagundes, C. (2020). Emotion regulation and immune functioning during grief: Testing the role of expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal in inflammation among recently bereaved spouses. Psychosomatic Medicine, 82(1), 2-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/psy.0000000000000755
  51. Low, R. S. T., Overall, N. C., Hammond, M. D. ve Girme, Y.U. (2021). Emotion regulation and health during lockdown. Emotion, 21(8), 1770-1784. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001046
  52. Mansfield, M., Thacker, M., Taylor, J. L., Bannister, K., Spahr, N., Jong, S. T. ve Smith, T. (2023). The association between psychosocial factors and mental health symptoms in cervical spine pain with or without radiculopathy on health outcomes: A systematic review. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-023-06343-8
  53. Markovitz, J. H., Matthews, K. A., Kannel, W. B., Cobb, J. L. ve D’Agostino, R. B. (1993). Psychological predictors of hypertension in the Framingham Study. Is there tension in hypertension? JAMA, 270(20), 2439-2443.
  54. Martins, A., Ramalho, N. ve Morin, E. (2010). A comprehensive meta-analysis of the relationship between emotional intelligence and health. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(6), 554-564.
  55. Mayer, J. D. ve Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? P. Salovey ve D. J. Sluyter (Ed.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational implications (s. 3-31) içinde. Basic Books.
  56. Mazaheri, M. (2015). Difficulties in emotion regulation and mindfulness in psychological and somatic symptoms of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Iran Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.17795/ijpbs-954
  57. McCreary, D. R. ve Sadava, S. W. (2000). Stress, alcohol use and alcohol-related problems: The influence of negative and positive affect in two cohorts of young adults. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 61(3), 466-74. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2000.61.466
  58. Mennin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., Turk, C. L. ve Fresco, D. M. (2002). Applying an emotion regulation framework to integrative approaches to generalized anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9(1), 85-90. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.9.1.85
  59. Moriarity, D. P., Grehl, M. M., Walsh, R. F. L., Roos, L. G., Slavich, G. M. ve Alloy, L. B. (2023). A systematic review of associations between emotion regulation characteristics and inflammation. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 150, 105162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105162
  60. Mund, M. ve Mitte, K. (2012). The costs of repression: A meta-analysis on the relation between repressive coping and somatic diseases. Health Psychology: Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 31(5), 640-649. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026257
  61. Murray, S. L. (2005). Regulating the risks of closeness: A relationship-specific sense of felt security. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(2), 74-78. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00338.x
  62. Myers, L. B., Burns, J. W., Derakshan, N., Elfant, E., Eysenck, M. W. ve Phipps, S. (2008). Current issues in repressive coping and health. A. J. Vingerhoets, I. Nykl ́ıcˇek ve J. Denollet (Ed.), Emotion regulation: Conceptual and clinical issues (s. 69-86) içinde. Springer.
  63. Nummenmaa, L., Glerean, E., Hari, R. ve Hietanen, J. K. (2013). Bodily maps of emotions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(2), 646-651. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1321664111
  64. Ospina, L. H., Beck-Felts, K., Ifrah, C., Lister, A., Messer, S., … Kimhy, D. (2022). Inflammation and emotion regulation: Findings from the MIDUS II study. Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health, 26, 100536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100536
  65. Pennebaker, J. W. (1990). Opening up: The healing power of confiding in others. William Morrow.
  66. Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process. Psychological Science, 8(3), 162-166. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00403.x
  67. Rimé, B. (2009). Emotion elicits the social sharing of emotion: Theory and empirical review. Emotion Review, 1(1), 60-85.
  68. Rugancı, R. N. ve Gençöz, T. (2010) Psychometric properties of a Turkish version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66(4), 442-455. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20665
  69. Russell, M. A., Smith, T. W. ve Smyth, J. M. (2016). Anger expression, momentary anger, and symptom severity in patients with chronic disease. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 50(2), 259-271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-015-9747-7
  70. Sadeghian, A. M., Dashti, F., Shariati, B., Mokhtare, M. ve Sotoudeheian, M. (2024). The role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in predicting the resilience, symptom severity, and quality of life of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology, 48(5), 102341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinre.2024.102341
  71. Sapolsky, R. M. (2007). Stress, Stress-Related Disease, and Emotional Regulation. J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (s. 606-615) içinde. The Guilford Press.
  72. Shen, B. J., Eisenberg, S. A., Maeda, U., Farrell, K. A., Schwarz, E. R., … Mallon, S. (2011). Depression and anxiety predict decline in physical health functioning in patients with heart failure. Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 41(3), 373-382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-010-9251-z
  73. Shields, G. S., Spahr, C. M. ve Slavich, G. M. (2020). Psychosocial interventions and immune system function. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(10), 1031. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0431
  74. Sipilä, R., Hintsa, T., Lipsanen, J., Tasmuth, T., Estlander, A. M. ve Kalso E. (2019). The relationship between anger regulation, mood, pain, and pain-related disability in women treated for breast cancer. Psychooncology, 28(10), 2002-2008. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.5182
  75. Spiegel, D., Bloom, J. R., Kraemer, H. C. ve Gottheil, E. (1989). Effect of psychosocial treatment on survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer. Lancet, 2(8668), 888-891. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(89)91551-1
  76. Taylor, G. J. (1984). Alexithymia: Concept, measurement, and implications for treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141(6), 725-732. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.141.6.725
  77. Taylor, G. J., Bagby, R. M. ve Parker, J. D. (1991). The alexithymia construct. A potential paradigm for psychosomatic medicine. Psychosomatics, 32(2), 153-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0033-3182(91)72086-0
  78. Tomiyama, A. J., Dallman, M. F. ve Epel, E. S. (2011). Comfort food is comforting to those most stressed: Evidence of the Chronic Stress Response Network in high stress women. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36(10), 1513-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.04.005
  79. Tuck, N. L., Adams, K. S. ve Consedine, N. S. (2017). Does the ability to express different emotions predict different indices of physical health? A skill-based study of physical symptoms and heart rate variability. British Journal of Health Psychology, 22(3), 502-523. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12242
  80. Tull, M. T. (2006). Extending an anxiety sensitivity model of uncured panic attack frequency and symptom severity: The role of emotion dysregulation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30(2), 177-184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-006-9036-7
  81. Van der Kooy, K., van Hout, H., Marwijk, H., Marten, H., Stehouwer, C. ve Beekman, A. (2007). Depression and the risk for cardiovascular diseases: systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22, 613-626. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1723
  82. van Middendorp, H., Lumley, M. A., Moerbeek, M., Jacobs, J. W. G., Bijlsma, J. W. J. ve Geenen, R. (2010). Effects of anger and anger regulation styles on pain in daily life of women with fibromyalgia: A diary study. European Journal of Pain, 14(2), 176-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpain.2009.03.007
  83. Vatan, S. ve Battaloğlu S. (2024). Investigation of the role of emotions and emotion regulation skills in symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. European Archives of Social Sciences, 1(2), 82-90. https://doi.org/10.35365/eass.24.2.03
  84. Vatan, S. ve Piri-Erbaş, S. (2019). Duygu dünyası. HYB Basım Yayın.
  85. Vella, E. J. ve Friedman, B. H. (2009). Hostility and anger in: Cardiovascular reactivity and recovery to mental arithmetic stress. International Journal of Psychophysiology: Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology, 72(3), 253-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.01.003
  86. Watson, D. ve Pennebaker, J. W. (1989). Health complaints, stress, and distress: Exploring the central role of negative affectivity. Psychological Review, 96(2), 234-254.
  87. Yamaguchi, A., Kim, M.-S., Oshio, A. ve Akutsu, S. (2017). The role of anger regulation on perceived stress status and physical health. Personality and Individual Differences, 116, 240-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.053
  88. Zvolensky, M., Jardin, C., Farris, S. G., Kauffman, B., Bakhshaie, J., … Mayorga, N. A. (2018). Gut interpretations: How difficulties in emotion regulation may help explain the relation of visceral sensitivity with depression and anxiety among young adults with gastrointestinal symptoms. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 23(7), 840-845. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2018.1455984