Journals / Bozok Veterinary Sciences / 2025 / Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION METHODS IN SMALL ANIMALS IN VETERINARY MEDICINE

Veteriner Hekimlikte Küçük Hayvanlarda Nörolojik Muayene Yöntemleri

Taner Arslan(ATATURK UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE)0009-0001-4222-3718
Pages
103–107
Publication Date
2025-12-31
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

This review comprehensively discusses the methods used in neurological examination and their clinical significance.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Neurological diseases in small animals can lead to serious outcomes such as alterations in consciousness, loss of motor function, and sensory deficits.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Neurological examination is critically important for determining the cause of these disorders and distinguishing whether they originate from the central or peripheral nervous system.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:This review comprehensively discusses the methods used in neurological examination and their clinical significance.
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Kedi · Köpek · Nörolojik Muayene

Abstract

Neurological diseases in small animals can lead to serious outcomes such as alterations in consciousness, loss of motor function, and sensory deficits. Neurological examination is critically important for determining the cause of these disorders and distinguishing whether they originate from the central or peripheral nervous system. Prior to the examination, a detailed history should be obtained from the animal’s owner, including information on age, breed, sex, duration of symptoms, trauma, toxin exposure, and infection history. This is followed by a general clinical examination, during which motor disorders such as ataxia, paresis, and paralysis are observed. Considering that nervous system diseases may be associated with other systems, the cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems should also be evaluated. In neurological examination, evaluation of the twelve cranial nerves aids in localizing the lesion. Postural reactions assess the animal’s ability to use its limbs and perceive their position, while spinal reflexes such as the patellar, perineal, and withdrawal reflexes are examined. Superficial and deep pain tests are applied to assess the integrity of nerve pathways. Diagnostic support is further provided by imaging techniques, electrodiagnostic tests, and laboratory analyses. This review comprehensively discusses the methods used in neurological examination and their clinical significance.

Özet

Küçük hayvanlardaki nörolojik hastalıklar; bilinç değişiklikleri, motor fonksiyon kaybı ve duyu bozuklukları gibi ciddi sonuçlara yol açabilir. Nörolojik muayene, bu bozuklukların nedenini belirlemek ve merkezi ya da periferik sinir sistemi kaynaklı olup olmadığını ayırt etmek için kritik öneme sahiptir. Muayene öncesinde hayvan sahibinden; yaş, ırk, cinsiyet, semptomların süresi, travma, toksin maruziyeti ve enfeksiyon öyküsünü içeren ayrıntılı bir anamnez alınmalıdır. Ardından genel klinik muayene gerçekleştirilir. Bu aşamada ataksi, parezi ve paralizi gibi motor bozukluklar gözlenir. Sinir sistemi hastalıklarının diğer sistemlerle ilişkili olabileceği göz önünde bulundurularak kardiyovasküler, solunum ve gastrointestinal sistemler de değerlendirilmelidir. Nörolojik muayenede 12 kranial sinirin incelenmesi, lezyonun yerini saptamada yardımcı olur. Postüral reaksiyonlar, hayvanın uzuvlarını kullanma ve pozisyon algılama yetisini değerlendirirken; spinal refleksler arasında patellar, perineal ve çekilme refleksleri incelenir. Yüzeysel ve derin ağrı testleri ise sinir yollarının bütünlüğünü ortaya koyar. Tanıda görüntüleme, elektrodiagnostik ve laboratuvar testleri de destekleyicidir. Bu derleme, nörolojik muayenede kullanılan yöntemleri ve bunların klinik önemini kapsamlı biçimde ele almaktadır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Arslan, T. (2025). NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION METHODS IN SMALL ANIMALS IN VETERINARY MEDICINE. Bozok Veterinary Sciences, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 103–107. https://doi.org/10.58833/bozokvetsci.1719671

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (14)

  1. Cocostîrc V, Paștiu AI, Pusta DL. An overview of canine inherited neurological disorders with known causal variants. Animals 2023; 13(22): 3568.
  2. Carr BJ, Levine D, Marcellin-Little DJ. Gait Changes Resulting from Orthopedic and Neurologic Problems in Companion Animals: A Review. Advances in Small Animal Care 2023; 4(1): 1-20.
  3. Boysen SR. Retrospective characterization of coma and stupor in dogs and cats presenting to a multicenter out-of-hours service (2012–2015): 386 animals. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 2018; 28(6): 559-565.
  4. Paluš V. Neurological examination in small animals. Macedonian Veterinary Review 2014; 37(1): 95-105.
  5. de Lahunta A. The neurologic examination. Clinical Small Animal Internal Medicine, Sixty-eight Chapter. ABD: Wiley-Blackwell, 2020; pp.727-739.
  6. Dewey CW, Da Costa RC. Practical guide to canine and feline neurology. Third Edition. ABD: Wiley-Blackwell, 2015; pp.9.
  7. Dickinson PJ.(2012). Obtundation, stupor and coma. Small animal neurological emergencies. London: Manson Publishing, 139-154.
  8. Dümbek TM, Haney DC. Neurological Examination ın Cats and Dogs. Current Research and Treatment in Animals, Seven Chapter. Lyon: Lıvre De Lyon, 2024; pp. 109.
  9. Lorenz MD, Coates J, Kent M. Handbook of Veterinary Neurology-E-Book. Fifth Edition. ABD: Elsevier Saunders, 2010: pp.9-15.
  10. Platt S, Garosi L. Small animal neurological emergencies. ABD: Manson Publishing, 2012: pp.13-121.
  11. Turbatu RM, Fernoaga C, Tudor N, Vlagıoıu C. A review of neurological examination-differential diagnosis for intracranial diseases in cats and dogs. Scientific Works Series C Veterinary Medicine. 2018; 64(2).
  12. Thomas WB. Evaluation of veterinary patients with brain disease. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice; 2010: 40(1), 1-19.
  13. Garosi L. Neurological examination of the cat How to get started. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery; 2009: 11(5), 340-8.
  14. Garosi L, Lowrie M. The neurological examination. In BSAVA manual of canine and feline neurology. BSAVA Library, 2013; 1-24.