Journals / Bingöl Üniversitesi Teknik Bilimler Dergisi / 2026 / Sayı: 1

Experimental and Model-Based Characterization of a Xanthan Gum Solution as a Blood-Mimicking Fluid at Body Temperature

Vücut Sıcaklığında Kanı Taklit Eden Sıvı Olarak Ksantan Sakızı Çözeltisinin Deneysel ve Model Tabanlı Karakterizasyonu

Orhan Yıldırım(ATATÜRK ÜNİVERSİTESİ, MÜHENDİSLİK FAKÜLTESİ, MAKİNE MÜHENDİSLİĞİ BÖLÜMÜ)0000-0001-8780-1297
Pages
—
Publication Date
2026-05-06
DOI
—
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The findings revealed that the 0.12% (w/w) solution exhibited high conformity to healthy adult human blood rheology, yielding a dynamic viscosity of 3.78 mPa·s at the physiological temperature of 37°C.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:In biomedical engineering, reliable blood-mimicking fluids that accurately replicate the thermophysical properties of human blood are essential for in vitro flow experiments and Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations, particularly those involving heat transfer mechanisms.
📊
Key Findings & Data:This study experimentally characterizes the temperature-dependent viscosity and density of non-Newtonian dilute Xanthan gum aqueous solutions (0.06% and 0.12% w/w) across a clinically relevant range of 15°C to 40°C.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The findings revealed that the 0.12% (w/w) solution exhibited high conformity to healthy adult human blood rheology, yielding a dynamic viscosity of 3.78 mPa·s at the physiological temperature of 37°C.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Kan benzeri sıvılar · Ksantan zamkı · Termoreolojik karakterizasyon

Abstract

In biomedical engineering, reliable blood-mimicking fluids that accurately replicate the thermophysical properties of human blood are essential for in vitro flow experiments and Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations, particularly those involving heat transfer mechanisms. This study experimentally characterizes the temperature-dependent viscosity and density of non-Newtonian dilute Xanthan gum aqueous solutions (0.06% and 0.12% w/w) across a clinically relevant range of 15°C to 40°C. Measurements were performed using a Rudolph Research Analytical density meter, and the data were modeled using a physiological reference-based exponential decay function for viscosity and a Boussinesq-based linear equation of state for density. The findings revealed that the 0.12% (w/w) solution exhibited high conformity to healthy adult human blood rheology, yielding a dynamic viscosity of 3.78 mPa·s at the physiological temperature of 37°C. The proposed viscosity model, anchored at 37°C, operated with 0% error at the reference point, although deviations up to 19.15% were observed at the lower thermal boundary due to hysteresis. Thermodynamic analysis indicated a flow activation energy of 18.76 kJ mol⁻¹, reflecting stable, plasma-like flow characteristics. Crucially, the calculated Prandtl numbers for the 0.12% solution ranged from 24.43 to 45.64, closely aligning with human blood values. This confirms that momentum transfer dominates over thermal diffusion, demonstrating that the proposed formulation and validated models provide a robust platform for convection-limited hemodynamic applications and precise thermo-rheological coupling.

Özet

Biyomedikal mühendisliğinde, insan kanının termofiziksel özelliklerini doğru bir şekilde taklit eden güvenilir kan benzeri sıvılar, özellikle ısı transfer mekanizmalarını içeren in vitro akış deneyleri ve Hesaplamalı Akışkanlar Dinamiği simülasyonları için çok önemlidir. Bu çalışma, klinik olarak ilgili 15°C ila 40°C aralığında, Newton olmayan seyreltik ksantan zamkı sulu çözeltilerinin (ağırlıkça %0,06 ve %0,12) sıcaklığa bağlı viskozitesini ve yoğunluğunu deneysel olarak karakterize etmektedir. Ölçümler, Rudolph Research Analytical yoğunluk ölçer kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiş ve veriler, viskozite için fizyolojik referans tabanlı üstel bozunma fonksiyonu ve yoğunluk için Boussinesq tabanlı doğrusal durum denklemi kullanılarak modellenmiştir. Bulgular, %0,12 (a/a) çözeltinin sağlıklı yetişkin insan kan reolojisine yüksek uyum gösterdiğini ve 37°C fizyolojik sıcaklıkta 3,78 mPa·s dinamik viskozite verdiğini ortaya koydu. 37°C'de sabitlenen önerilen viskozite modeli, referans noktasında %0 hata ile çalıştı, ancak histerezis nedeniyle alt termal sınırda %19,15'e varan sapmalar gözlemlendi. Termodinamik analiz, 18,76 kJ mol⁻¹'lik bir akış aktivasyon enerjisi gösterdi ve bu da kararlı, plazma benzeri akış özelliklerini yansıtıyordu. Önemli olarak, %0,12'lik çözelti için hesaplanan Prandtl sayıları 24,43 ile 45,64 arasında değişmekte olup, insan kanı değerleriyle büyük ölçüde uyumludur. Bu, momentum transferinin termal difüzyona göre daha baskın olduğunu doğrulamakta ve önerilen formülasyon ile doğrulanmış modellerin konveksiyon sınırlı hemodinamik uygulamalar ve hassas termo-reolojik kuplaj için sağlam bir platform sağladığını göstermektedir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Yıldırım, O. (2026). Experimental and Model-Based Characterization of a Xanthan Gum Solution as a Blood-Mimicking Fluid at Body Temperature. Bingöl Üniversitesi Teknik Bilimler Dergisi, Sayı: 1. https://ajindex.com/articles/1610657

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (37)

  1. Moravia A, Simoëns S, El Hajem M, vd. In vitro flow study in a compliant abdominal aorta phantom with a non-Newtonian blood-mimicking fluid. J Biomech 2022; 130: 110899.
  2. McSweeney TM, Manning KB, Kreider JW, vd. Flow patterns of a non-Newtonian blood analog in the 50cc PSU ventricular assist device. ASAIO J 2005; 51: 9A.
  3. Fortais A, Bruyn JR, Poepping T. Non-Newtonian blood-mimicking fluid for particle image velocimetry. Içinde: Proceedings of the 25th CANCAM. London, Ontario, Canada, 2015.
  4. Walker AM, Johnston CR, Rival DE. On the characterization of a non-Newtonian blood analog and its response to pulsatile flow downstream of a simplified stenosis. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 42: 97–109.
  5. Yi H, Wang A, Wang C, vd. Creating Blood Analogs to Mimic Steady-State Non-Newtonian Shear-Thinning Characteristics Under Various Thermal Conditions. Bioengineering 2025; 12: 758.
  6. Benard N, Jarny S, Coisne D. Definition of an experimental blood like fluid for laser measurements in cardiovascular studies. Appl Rheol 2007; 17: 44251–44258.
  7. Hong H, Song JM, Yeom E. Variations in pulsatile flow around stenosed microchannel depending on viscosity. PLoS One 2019; 14: e0210993.
  8. Najjari MR, Hinke JA, Bulusu K V, vd. On the rheology of refractive-index-matched, non-Newtonian blood-analog fluids for PIV experiments. Exp Fluids 2016; 57: 96.
  9. Peleg M. Temperature–viscosity models reassessed. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 58: 2663–2672.
  10. Dai Q, Huang W, Wang X, vd. Directional interfacial motion of liquids: Fundamentals, evaluations, and manipulation strategies. Tribol Int 2021; 154: 106749.
  11. Kuslits LB, Farkas MP, Galsa A. Effect of temperature-dependent viscosity on mantle convection. Acta Geod Geophys 2014; 49: 249–263.
  12. Kline SJ. Describing uncertainty in single sample experiments. Mech Eng 1953; 75: 3–8.
  13. Choppe E, Puaud F, Nicolai T, vd. Rheology of xanthan solutions as a function of temperature, concentration and ionic strength. Carbohydr Polym 2010; 82: 1228–1235.
  14. Soto-Caballero MC, Valdez-Fragoso A, Salinas-López AN, vd. Rheological parameters of xanthan gum/pectin solutions as a function of temperature and composition. Rev Mex Ing Quim 2016; 15: 579–586.
  15. Porter RS, Johnson JF. Temperature dependence of polymer viscosity: The influence of shear rate and stress. J Polym Sci Part C Polym Symp 2007; 15: 373–381.
  16. Nsengiyumva E, Heitz MP, Alexandridis P. Thermal hysteresis phenomena in aqueous xanthan gum solutions. Food Hydrocoll 2023; 144: 108973.
  17. Dhiaa AH. The temperature effect of the viscosity and density of xanthan gum solution. Kufa J Eng 2014; 3: 17–30.
  18. Nsengiyumva E, Alexandridis P. Xanthan gum in aqueous solutions: Fundamentals and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 216: 583–604.
  19. Reinoso D, Martín-Alfonso MJ, Luckham PF, vd. Rheological characterisation of xanthan gum in brine solutions at high temperature. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 203: 103–109.
  20. De Moura M, Moreno R. Concentration, brine salinity and temperature effects on Xanthan Gum solutions rheology. Appl Rheol 2019; 29: 69–79.
  21. Walker AM, Xiao Y, Johnston CR, vd. The viscous characterization of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) plasma volume expanders in a non-Newtonian blood analog. Biorheology 2013; 50: 177–190.
  22. Sousa PC, Pinho FT, Oliveira MSN, vd. Extensional flow of blood analog solutions in microfluidic devices. Biomicrofluidics 2011; 5: 14108.
  23. Pinho D, Campo-Deaño L, Lima R, vd. In vitro particulate analogue fluids for experimental studies of rheological and hemorheological behavior of glucose-rich RBC suspensions. Biomicrofluidics 2017; 11: 54105.
  24. Szabó E, Baka EZ, Tamás K. Shear rate induced viscosity change of human blood samples and blood mimicking fluids. Acta Bioeng Biomech 2024; 26: 99–107.
  25. Perrira N, Shuib AS, Phang SW, vd. Experimental investigation of blood mimicking fluid viscosity for application in 3D-printed medical simulator. Içinde: Journal of Physics: Conference Series. IOP Publishing, 2022, s. 12016.
  26. Brindise MC, Busse MM, Vlachos PP. Density- and viscosity-matched Newtonian and non-Newtonian blood-analog solutions with PDMS refractive index. Exp Fluids; 59. Epub ahead of print 2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00348-018-2629-6.
  27. Karamallah AA, Jehhef KA. Application of Nanofluids for Cooling Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Blood Mimicking Fluids Flow in Annular Space. Eng Appl Sci 2017; 2: 1–16.
  28. Ng SHY, Shuib AS, Phang SW, vd. Development of blood mimicking fluid suspension using polymer particles. Içinde: AIP Conference Proceedings. 2019, s. 20012.
  29. Webb L. Mimicking Blood Rheology for More Accurate Modeling in Benchtop Research. Pegasus Rev UCF Undergrad Res J 2020; 12: Article 6.
  30. Hentschel G, Doll-Nikutta K, Mueller M, vd. Development and characterization of a Dextran/CaCl2-based blood-mimicking fluid: a comparative study of rheological and mechanical properties in artificial erythrocyte suspensions. Soft Matter 2025; 21: 3101–3116.
  31. Rubio A, López M, Rodrigues T, vd. A particulate blood analogue based on artificial viscoelastic blood plasma and RBC-like microparticles at a concentration matching the human haematocrit. Soft Matter 2022; 18: 7510–7523.
  32. Sodawalla H, Merritt W, Becker T. E-204 Novel blood analogue for in-vitro neurovascular modeling. J Neurointerv Surg 2020; 12: A139–A140.
  33. Froese V, Gabel G, Parnell J, vd. Flow study on a transparent two-phase blood model fluid based on alginate microspheres. Exp Fluids 2022 6312 2022; 63: 188-.
  34. Sadek SH, Rubio M, Lima R, vd. Blood Particulate Analogue Fluids: A Review. Mater 2021, Vol 14,; 14. Epub ahead of print 09 Mayıs 2021. DOI: 10.3390/ma14092451.
  35. Knüppel F, Thomas I, Wurm FH, vd. Suitability of Different Blood-Analogous Fluids in Determining the Pump Characteristics of a Ventricular Assist Device. Fluids 2023, Vol 8,; 8. Epub ahead of print 11 Mayıs 2023. DOI: 10.3390/fluids8050151.
  36. Oglat AA, Matjafri MZ, Suardi N, vd. Acoustical and Physical Characteristic of a New Blood Mimicking Fluid Phantom. J Phys Conf Ser 2018; 1083: 012010.
  37. Yousif MY, Holdsworth DW, Poepping TL. A blood-mimicking fluid for particle image velocimetry with silicone vascular models. Exp Fluids 2010 503 2010; 50: 769–774.